Median Income
$75,000
0% lower than US avg
Home Value
$219,800
22% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
406/100K
7% higher than US avg
Bachelor's+
21.3%
37% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$670
42% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
34.6%
8% higher than US avg
Unemployment
1.0%
72% lower than US avg
Poverty Rate
7.3%
41% lower than US avg
How Dean Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population469
Median Age44.9 yrs
Density220/mi²
Male / Female46% / 54%
Largest GroupWhite 84%
Veterans7.7%
Economy
A
Median Income$75,000
Per Capita$37,644
Unemployment1.0%
Poverty7.3%
County GDP$433M
Commute26 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$219,800
Rent$670
Ownership91.7%
Zillow$168,124
Housing Units209
Rent Burden19.0%
Crime
F
Violent406/100K
Property4,057/100K
Health
Obesity34.6%
Uninsured12.3%
Smoking14.3%
Depression25.1%
Heart Disease5.3%
Climate
Avg Temp64°F (18°C)
AQI42 (Good)
Rain27.9 in/yr
Sunny Days328/yr
Elevation991 ft (302 m)
Education
C+
Bachelor's+21.3%
High School+94.5%
Graduate+3.5%
School Score5.64
Community
2024 VoteR 90% / D 10%
Commute26 min
Broadband77.5%
EV Stations12
Libraries1
Is Dean a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Dean receives an overall livability score of 3.3 out of 5.0, earning a grade of B. Key strengths include low unemployment, affordable housing, abundant sunshine, a low poverty rate. Areas to be aware of include a high uninsured rate. Dean offers a solid quality of life with a good balance of affordability, safety, and opportunity.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Dean is $75,000, roughly in line with the national average of $75,149. The job market is very strong with unemployment at just 1.0%. Only 7.3% of residents live below the poverty line, well below the national rate of 12.4%. Workers commute an average of 26 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Dean is $219,800, 22% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $670 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 2.9x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
The violent crime rate of 406 per 100,000 is above the national average of 380 / something for prospective residents to consider. Property crime occurs at a rate of 4,057 per 100,000, 107% above the national average.
Education
21.3% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 94.5% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 5.6/10.
Climate & Weather
Dean enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 64°F. Winters average 42°F in January while summers reach 85°F in July. With 328 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 27.9 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 42.
Dean has a population of 469 with a density of 220 people per square mile, spread across 2.1 square miles. The median age is 44.9 years, 15% older than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 54.4% female and 45.6% male. The city is predominantly White (84.2%), with 1.7% Hispanic. English is the primary language spoken at home by 92.4% of residents, while 7.6% speak Spanish. 7.7% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 17.9% of residents have a disability (above the 13.0% national average). 91.6% have health insurance coverage.
Population
44.9yrs
Median Age
15% above US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
92.4%
18% above US avg
Spanish
7.6%
43% below US avg
The median household income in Dean is $75,000, which is 0% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $37,644. The average weekly wage is $937, 35% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 1.0% (below the 3.6% US average). 7.3% of residents live below the poverty line, lower than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 198 business establishments, including 8 restaurants. The cost of living index is 97.1, roughly in line with the national average. Workers commute an average of 26 minutes. 9.1% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $75,000 |
| 0% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $37,644 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $937 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $70,339 |
| Gini Index | 0.382 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 1.0% |
| 72% below US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 7.3% |
| 41% below US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 198 |
| County GDP | $433M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 8 |
| Healthcare | 8 |
| Retail | 25 |
| Manufacturing | 7 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $4,672 |
| 33% above US avg |
| Cost of Living | 97.10 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2.13% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 26.1 min |
| Drive Alone | 82.3% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 9.1% |
The median home value in Dean is $219,800, 22% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $168,124, lower than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $670 (42% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $935 for a one-bedroom to $1,149 for a two-bedroom apartment. 91.7% of housing units are owner-occupied (above the 65.4% national rate). There are 209 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1982. The average annual property tax is $4,672 (higher than the $3,500 national average). 19.0% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.9x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $219,800 |
| 22% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $168,124 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $670 |
| 42% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 19.0% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $887 |
| 1 Bedroom | $935 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $1,149 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,497 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,733 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 91.7% |
| Owner-Occupied | 91.7% |
| Renter-Occupied | 8.3% |
| Housing Units | 209 |
| Median Year Built | 1982 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $4,672 |
| 33% above US avg |
| Effective Rate | 2.13% |
In Dean, 34.6% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 9.6% have diabetes. Heart disease affects 5.3% of residents. 31.0% have high blood pressure. 14.3% are current smokers. 20.4% report binge drinking. 23.6% are physically inactive. 25.1% report depression (above the 20.0% national average). 18.8% experience frequent mental distress. 12.3% of residents lack health insurance (above the 8.6% national rate). The primary care physician ratio is 1:2,566. 6.9% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 5.8 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Dean vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 34.6% |
| 8% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 9.6% |
| Heart Disease | 5.3% |
| High Blood Pressure | 31.0% |
| Asthma | 10.2% |
| COPD | 6.0% |
| Cancer | 7.1% |
| Stroke | 2.8% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 14.3% |
| 2% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 20.4% |
| Physical Inactivity | 23.6% |
| Depression | 25.1% |
| Mental Distress | 18.8% |
| Physical Distress | 12.6% |
| Short Sleep | 35.5% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 91.6% |
| Uninsured | 12.3% |
| 43% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:2,566 |
| Mental Health | 1:3,579 |
| Checkup Rate | 72.1% |
| Dental Visits | 61.8% |
| Premature Death | 9,703/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 5.8/10 |
| Exercise Access | 6.9% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 8 |
Dean has a violent crime rate of 406 per 100,000 residents, 7% above the national average of 380. Property crime stands at 4,057 per 100,000, 107% above the U.S. average. The county recorded 6 fatal traffic crashes. The area has experienced 91 federally declared disasters. Overall, Dean receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Dean vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 405.9/100K |
| 7% above US avg |
| |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 4,057.2/100K |
| 107% above US avg |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 6 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 0.0 / 4.0 |
| FEMA Disasters | 91 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Dean enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 64°F (18°C). Winters average 42°F in January while summers reach 85°F in July. The area gets 328 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 27.9 inches (drier than the 38-inch national average). The area receives 3.1 inches of snow annually. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 42. The city sits at an elevation of 991 feet.
Temperature
42°F Jan (6°C)
85°F Jul (29°C)
| Annual Average | 63.7°F |
| 18% above US avg |
| January Average | 42°F (6°C) |
| July Average | 85°F (29°C) |
| Sunny Days | 328 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 991 ft (302 m) |
| Area | 2.1 sq mi (5.5 km²) |
| Population Density | 220/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 33.9162°N, 98.4015°W |
| Timezone | America/Chicago |
| County | Clay County County |
| Nearest Airport | Frederick Regional (FDR) 45 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
27.9"
27% below US avg
Wettest Month (May)
4.17"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 42.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Very Low |
| Risk Score | 14.3 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 43.3 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 57.0 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Relatively Low |
| Hurricane |
Very Low |
| Earthquake |
Very Low |
| Wildfire |
Relatively Low |
| Flood |
Very Low |
| Hail |
Relatively Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively Low |
| Heat Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Winter Weather |
Very Low |
| Lightning |
Very Low |
| Ice Storm |
Relatively Low |
| Drought |
Relatively Moderate |
| Cold Wave |
Very Low |
| Landslide |
Very Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
202 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M4.2. Most recent: M2.6 on Jul 30, 2025.
| Jan 18, 1995 |
4 km SSE of Erin Springs, Oklahoma |
M4.2 |
121 km |
| Apr 28, 1998 |
9 km NE of Medicine Park, Oklahoma |
M3.9 |
96 km |
| Nov 15, 1990 |
5 km SSE of Erin Springs, Oklahoma |
M3.9 |
120 km |
| Feb 8, 2002 |
8 km SW of Elgin, Oklahoma |
M3.8 |
90 km |
| Nov 28, 2013 |
6 km SSW of Perrin, Texas |
M3.7 |
109 km |
| Dec 9, 2013 |
8 km S of Perrin, Texas |
M3.7 |
111 km |
| Sep 25, 2023 |
9 km WNW of Velma, Oklahoma |
M3.7 |
85 km |
| Dec 17, 1992 |
7 km SSE of Erin Springs, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
119 km |
| Dec 8, 2013 |
0 km NNE of Sanctuary, Texas |
M3.6 |
135 km |
| Nov 20, 2013 |
1 km NNW of Azle, Texas |
M3.6 |
137 km |
| Apr 28, 2013 |
4 km NNW of Oakland, Oklahoma |
M3.5 |
149 km |
| Jun 8, 2004 |
6 km N of Lone Grove, Oklahoma |
M3.5 |
111 km |
| Apr 19, 2021 |
8 km SW of Dibble, Oklahoma |
M3.5 |
134 km |
| Jul 8, 2016 |
3 km NE of Dibble, Oklahoma |
M3.4 |
147 km |
| Sep 23, 2013 |
4 km WNW of Marietta, Oklahoma |
M3.4 |
115 km |
| Jan 28, 2009 |
0 km ENE of Amber, Oklahoma |
M3.4 |
147 km |
| Nov 25, 2013 |
3 km WNW of Sanctuary, Texas |
M3.4 |
133 km |
| Mar 6, 2020 |
8 km NE of Alex, Oklahoma |
M3.4 |
133 km |
| Jun 3, 2021 |
7 km SW of Dibble, Oklahoma |
M3.3 |
135 km |
| May 31, 2002 |
15 km S of Cornish, Oklahoma |
M3.3 |
73 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Tornado History
630 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF5. Total: 107 fatalities, 2,495 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Apr 3, 1964 |
EF5 |
9 km |
7 |
| Nov 7, 2011 |
EF4 |
88 km |
0 |
| Feb 10, 2009 |
EF4 |
72 km |
8 |
| Apr 2, 1980 |
EF4 |
80 km |
0 |
| Apr 10, 1979 |
EF4 |
76 km |
11 |
| Apr 10, 1979 |
EF4 |
25 km |
42 |
| Apr 19, 1972 |
EF4 |
94 km |
5 |
| May 26, 1962 |
EF4 |
26 km |
0 |
| May 24, 1957 |
EF4 |
40 km |
4 |
| May 18, 1951 |
EF4 |
64 km |
2 |
| Nov 3, 2024 |
EF3 |
58 km |
0 |
| May 25, 2024 |
EF3 |
75 km |
7 |
| Mar 21, 2022 |
EF3 |
97 km |
0 |
| Apr 30, 2000 |
EF3 |
70 km |
0 |
| May 7, 1995 |
EF3 |
92 km |
2 |
| May 7, 1995 |
EF3 |
91 km |
3 |
| May 29, 1994 |
EF3 |
76 km |
0 |
| Mar 13, 1990 |
EF3 |
72 km |
0 |
| May 14, 1986 |
EF3 |
51 km |
0 |
| Apr 21, 1985 |
EF3 |
94 km |
3 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: LOCO-HEALDTON (56,584 ac, 2009).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2009 |
LOCO-HEALDTON |
56,584 |
99 km |
| 2011 |
FERGUSON |
41,429 |
98 km |
| 2022 |
COCONUT |
27,963 |
87 km |
| 2009 |
MONTAGUE COUNTY COMPLEX |
25,907 |
55 km |
| 2009 |
APRIL 9TH COMPLEX 1 |
22,099 |
92 km |
| 2009 |
TWO MILE HILL COMPLEX |
20,991 |
24 km |
| 2006 |
RINGGOLD |
16,382 |
51 km |
| 2008 |
ARCHER CO |
13,969 |
54 km |
| 2009 |
APRIL 9TH COMPLEX 2 |
13,805 |
62 km |
| 1996 |
HENRIETTA FIRE |
13,629 |
41 km |
| 2024 |
RUSH |
12,239 |
95 km |
| 2011 |
WICHITA COUNTY COMPLEX |
12,118 |
33 km |
| 2008 |
UNNAMED |
10,392 |
85 km |
| 2022 |
62 FIRE |
9,804 |
100 km |
| 1993 |
CRATER CREEK |
8,963 |
89 km |
| 2000 |
CRATERLK-L |
8,876 |
87 km |
| 1994 |
MT SCOTT |
8,005 |
93 km |
| 2000 |
UNNAMED |
7,962 |
88 km |
| 2023 |
CAMPBELL |
7,888 |
59 km |
| 2006 |
BIA EMPIRE |
7,544 |
71 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
42°F (6°C) |
1.2 in |
Coldest, Driest |
| February |
46°F (8°C) |
1.6 in |
|
| March |
54°F (12°C) |
2.2 in |
|
| April |
63°F (17°C) |
2.8 in |
|
| May |
71°F (22°C) |
4.2 in |
Wettest |
| June |
80°F (26°C) |
3.5 in |
|
| July |
85°F (29°C) |
1.8 in |
Warmest |
| August |
83°F (29°C) |
2.4 in |
|
| September |
76°F (24°C) |
4.0 in |
|
| October |
65°F (18°C) |
2.9 in |
|
| November |
52°F (11°C) |
1.6 in |
|
| December |
44°F (6°C) |
1.5 in |
|
Dean has a seasonal temperature swing of 42°F / from 42°F in January to 85°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 29.6 inches, with May being the wettest month (4.2") and January the driest (1.2").
Average costs for common services in Dean. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$243 ($146–$388) |
| Specialist Visit |
$340 ($194–$534) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$194 ($97–$340) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$2,136 ($777–$4,855) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$126 ($73–$194) |
| Dental Filling |
$243 ($146–$388) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$44 ($24–$73) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$73 ($49–$117) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$291 ($146–$486) |
| Tire Rotation |
$39 ($19–$73) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$583 ($388–$971) |
| Battery Replacement |
$194 ($97–$340) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$97 ($58–$146) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$87 ($49–$136) |
| HVAC Repair |
$388 ($146–$777) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,797 ($3,884–$11,652) |
| Roof Repair |
$971 ($388–$1,942) |
| Roof Replacement |
$8,739 ($5,341–$14,565) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,457 ($486–$3,399) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$14,565 ($4,855–$29,130) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,855 ($1,942–$9,710) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,457 ($777–$2,913) |
| Will Preparation |
$486 ($194–$971) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,428 ($971–$4,855) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$24 ($15–$44) |
| Women's Haircut |
$53 ($29–$97) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$146 ($73–$243) |
| Manicure |
$24 ($15–$44) |
| Pedicure |
$39 ($24–$63) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$78 ($49–$126) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.98 ($2.91–$5.34) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.40 ($2.43–$4.86) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.69 ($2.43–$5.34) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.37 ($2.91–$6.31) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$5.34 ($3.88–$7.28) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.97 ($0.58–$1.75) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$136 ($78–$243) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$68 ($29–$146) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$68 ($39–$117) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$68 ($39–$97) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$63 ($29–$97) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$83 ($49–$146) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$194 ($73–$486) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,942 ($1,165–$3,399) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$68 ($29–$126) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$15 ($7.77–$24) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$97 ($29–$243) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$29 ($15–$73) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,165 ($583–$2,428) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$971 ($486–$1,942) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$388 ($194–$680) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$49 ($24–$97) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$971 ($388–$2,428) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$12,138 ($4,855–$29,130) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$58 ($29–$97) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$97 ($49–$194) |
| Dog Grooming |
$58 ($29–$97) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$39 ($19–$73) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$291 ($146–$486) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$194 ($97–$388) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $563 |
| Toddler | $528 |
| Preschool | $515 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
| Infant | $507 |
| Toddler | $485 |
| Preschool | $476 |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About Dean
What is the population of Dean?
Dean has a population of 469 residents and is located in Texas. The population density is 220 people per square mile, spread across 2.1 square miles. The median age of residents is 44.9 years, which is older than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 54.4% female and 45.6% male.
Is Dean expensive to live in?
Dean has a cost of living roughly in line with the national average, with an index of 97.1 (baseline: 100). The median household income is $75,000, 0% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $219,800 (22% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $670 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.9x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Dean safe?
The violent crime rate in Dean is 406 per 100,000 residents, above the national average of 380. Prospective residents should research specific neighborhoods, as crime rates can vary significantly within the city. Property crime occurs at a rate of 4,057 per 100,000 (above the national average). Overall, Dean receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Dean?
Dean enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 64°F (18°C). Winter temperatures average 42°F in January, while summers reach an average of 85°F in July. The area receives 328 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 27.9 inches, with 3.1 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 42.
How is the job market in Dean?
The job market in Dean is very strong, with unemployment at just 1.0% / well below the national rate of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $937. There are 198 business establishments in the area, including 8 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 26 minutes, and 9.1% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Dean?
The median home value in Dean is $219,800. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $168,124. For renters, the median monthly rent is $670. Fair market rent is $935 for a 1-bedroom and $1,149 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 91.7%. The average annual property tax is $4,672.
How are the schools in Dean?
Schools in Dean score 5.6 out of 10 on standardized testing, near the national average. 21.3% of adults in Dean hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 94.5% have completed high school. 3.5% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Dean?
The obesity rate in Dean is 34.6% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 14.3% of adults are smokers. 23.6% are physically inactive. 25.1% of residents report depression. 12.3% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 6.9% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:2,566.
What is transportation like in Dean?
The average commute in Dean is 26 minutes. 82.3% of workers drive alone to work, and 9.1% work from home.
What are the demographics of Dean?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Dean is 84.2% White, 1.7% Hispanic or Latino. 92.4% of residents speak only English at home, while 7.6% speak Spanish. 7.7% of the population are military veterans. 17.9% of residents have a disability. 91.6% have health insurance coverage.