Median Income
$59,141
21% lower than US avg
Home Value
$66,200
77% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
65/100K
83% lower than US avg
Bachelor's+
5.5%
84% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$800
31% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
40.7%
27% higher than US avg
Unemployment
1.9%
47% lower than US avg
Poverty Rate
21.9%
77% higher than US avg
How Ravia Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population517
Median Age35.5 yrs
Density907/mi²
Male / Female53% / 47%
Largest GroupWhite 69%
Veterans9.6%
Economy
B
Median Income$59,141
Per Capita$28,483
Unemployment1.9%
Poverty21.9%
County GDP$591M
Commute21 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$66,200
Rent$800
Ownership72.5%
Zillow$141,390
Housing Units226
Rent Burden24.0%
Crime
F
Violent65/100K
Property586/100K
Health
Obesity40.7%
Uninsured12.9%
Smoking24.3%
Depression28.8%
Heart Disease7.7%
Climate
Avg Temp62°F (17°C)
AQI45 (Good)
Sunny Days318/yr
Elevation750 ft (229 m)
Education
F
Bachelor's+5.5%
High School+85.5%
Graduate+1.9%
School Score4.40
Community
2024 VoteR 82% / D 16%
Commute21 min
Broadband87.6%
EV Stations1
Libraries1
Is Ravia a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Ravia receives an overall livability score of 2.7 out of 5.0, earning a grade of C+. Key strengths include low unemployment, low crime rates, affordable housing, abundant sunshine. Areas to be aware of include an elevated poverty rate, a high uninsured rate, below-average incomes. Ravia has some notable strengths but also faces challenges that prospective residents should consider.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Ravia is $59,141, 21% below the national average of $75,149. The job market is very strong with unemployment at just 1.9%. The poverty rate of 21.9% exceeds the national average of 12.4%, indicating economic hardship for a significant portion of the population. Workers commute an average of 21 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Ravia is $66,200, 77% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $800 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 1.1x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
Ravia is a very safe community with a violent crime rate of 65 per 100,000 residents / well below the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 586 per 100,000, 70% below the national average.
Education
5.5% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 85.5% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 4.4/10.
Climate & Weather
Ravia enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 62°F. Winters average 41°F in January while summers reach 82°F in July. With 318 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 45.
Ravia has a population of 517 with a density of 907 people per square mile, spread across 0.5 square miles. The median age is 35.5 years, 9% younger than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 47.2% female and 52.8% male. The city is predominantly White (68.7%), with 26.3% Hispanic, 1.2% Black. English is the primary language spoken at home by 99.4% of residents. 9.6% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 27.7% of residents have a disability (above the 13.0% national average). 79.7% have health insurance coverage.
Population
35.5yrs
Median Age
9% below US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
99.4%
27% above US avg
Spanish
0.6%
96% below US avg
The median household income in Ravia is $59,141, which is 21% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $28,483 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $863, 40% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 1.9% (below the 3.6% US average). 21.9% of residents live below the poverty line, higher than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 262 business establishments, including 16 restaurants. The cost of living index is 87.8, below the national baseline of 100 / offering relatively affordable living. Workers commute an average of 21 minutes (shorter than the 28-minute US average). 1.0% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $59,141 |
| 21% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $28,483 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $863 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $54,537 |
| Gini Index | 0.437 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 1.9% |
| 47% below US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 21.9% |
| 77% above US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 262 |
| County GDP | $591M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 16 |
| Healthcare | 24 |
| Retail | 26 |
| Manufacturing | 8 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $1,978 |
| 43% below US avg |
| Cost of Living | 87.80 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2.99% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 20.7 min |
| Drive Alone | 88.6% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 1.0% |
The median home value in Ravia is $66,200, 77% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $141,390, higher than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $800 (31% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $791 for a one-bedroom to $995 for a two-bedroom apartment. 72.5% of housing units are owner-occupied (above the 65.4% national rate). There are 226 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1977. The average annual property tax is $1,978 (lower than the $3,500 national average). 24.0% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 1.1x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $66,200 |
| 77% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $141,390 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $800 |
| 31% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 24.0% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $744 |
| 1 Bedroom | $791 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $995 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,297 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,501 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 72.5% |
| Owner-Occupied | 72.5% |
| Renter-Occupied | 27.5% |
| Housing Units | 226 |
| Median Year Built | 1977 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $1,978 |
| 43% below US avg |
| Effective Rate | 2.99% |
In Ravia, 40.7% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 13.4% have diabetes (above the 10.5% national rate). Heart disease affects 7.7% of residents, above the national average. 38.9% have high blood pressure. 24.3% are current smokers (above the 14.0% national rate). 14.8% report binge drinking. 37.6% are physically inactive, above the national average. 28.8% report depression (above the 20.0% national average). 22.2% experience frequent mental distress. 12.9% of residents lack health insurance (above the 8.6% national rate). The primary care physician ratio is 1:3,434. The dentist ratio is 1:1,156. 40.7% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 5.5 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Ravia vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 40.7% |
| 27% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 13.4% |
| Heart Disease | 7.7% |
| High Blood Pressure | 38.9% |
| Asthma | 13.0% |
| COPD | 10.3% |
| Cancer | 7.0% |
| Stroke | 4.2% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 24.3% |
| 74% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 14.8% |
| Physical Inactivity | 37.6% |
| Depression | 28.8% |
| Mental Distress | 22.2% |
| Physical Distress | 17.7% |
| Short Sleep | 38.4% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 79.7% |
| Uninsured | 12.9% |
| 50% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:3,434 |
| Dentists | 1:1,156 |
| Mental Health | 1:112 |
| Checkup Rate | 75.5% |
| Dental Visits | 49.8% |
| Premature Death | 13,634/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 5.5/10 |
| Exercise Access | 40.7% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 24 |
Ravia has a violent crime rate of 65 per 100,000 residents, 83% below the national average of 380. Property crime stands at 586 per 100,000, 70% below the U.S. average. The county recorded 5 fatal traffic crashes. Overall, Ravia receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Ravia vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 65.1/100K |
| 83% below US avg |
| |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 585.9/100K |
| 70% below US avg |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 5 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 0.0 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Ravia enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 62°F (17°C). Winters average 41°F in January while summers reach 82°F in July. The area gets 318 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 45. The city sits at an elevation of 750 feet.
Temperature
41°F Jan (5°C)
82°F Jul (28°C)
| Annual Average | 61.9°F |
| 15% above US avg |
| January Average | 41°F (5°C) |
| July Average | 82°F (28°C) |
| Sunny Days | 318 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 750 ft (229 m) |
| Area | 0.5 sq mi (1.4 km²) |
| Population Density | 907/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 34.2412°N, 96.7568°W |
| Timezone | America/Chicago |
| County | Johnston County County |
| Nearest Airport | Durant Regional/Eaker Field (DUA) 29 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Wettest Month (May)
5.28"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 45.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Air Pollutants (EPA 2023)
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Very Low |
| Risk Score | 25.4 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 91.2 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 23.7 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Relatively Low |
| Hurricane |
Very Low |
| Earthquake |
Very Low |
| Wildfire |
Relatively Low |
| Flood |
Very Low |
| Hail |
Relatively Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively Low |
| Heat Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Winter Weather |
Relatively Low |
| Lightning |
Relatively Low |
| Ice Storm |
Relatively High |
| Drought |
Relatively Moderate |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Landslide |
Very Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
574 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M5.1. Most recent: M2.6 on Jul 30, 2025.
| Feb 3, 2024 |
8 km NW of Prague, Oklahoma |
M5.1 |
144 km |
| Sep 6, 1997 |
6 km N of Tupelo, Oklahoma |
M4.5 |
55 km |
| Jan 18, 1995 |
4 km SSE of Erin Springs, Oklahoma |
M4.2 |
97 km |
| Apr 3, 2012 |
8 km SSW of Pittsburg, Oklahoma |
M4.1 |
92 km |
| Feb 27, 2010 |
8 km SE of Sparks, Oklahoma |
M4.1 |
146 km |
| Jul 15, 2014 |
3 km N of Harrah, Oklahoma |
M3.9 |
147 km |
| Nov 15, 1990 |
5 km SSE of Erin Springs, Oklahoma |
M3.9 |
96 km |
| Apr 16, 2012 |
8 km NW of Prague, Oklahoma |
M3.8 |
143 km |
| May 10, 2012 |
9 km WNW of Prague, Oklahoma |
M3.8 |
141 km |
| Jan 9, 2014 |
8 km SSE of Sparks, Oklahoma |
M3.8 |
145 km |
| Mar 22, 2010 |
8 km SE of Sparks, Oklahoma |
M3.7 |
146 km |
| May 31, 2014 |
1 km ESE of Choctaw, Oklahoma |
M3.7 |
146 km |
| Sep 25, 2023 |
9 km WNW of Velma, Oklahoma |
M3.7 |
97 km |
| Apr 7, 2021 |
7 km WSW of Horntown, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
99 km |
| Aug 9, 2015 |
1 km WNW of McLoud, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
137 km |
| Jun 18, 2016 |
6 km NE of Harrah, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
147 km |
| Dec 17, 1992 |
7 km SSE of Erin Springs, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
94 km |
| Apr 26, 2016 |
7 km ENE of Harrah, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
145 km |
| Jan 24, 2010 |
2 km ENE of Choctaw, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
147 km |
| Jun 1, 2014 |
3 km ENE of Choctaw, Oklahoma |
M3.6 |
147 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Tornado History
700 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF4. Total: 64 fatalities, 560 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Apr 27, 2024 |
EF4 |
51 km |
1 |
| May 9, 2016 |
EF4 |
65 km |
1 |
| Feb 10, 2009 |
EF4 |
87 km |
8 |
| May 11, 1992 |
EF4 |
93 km |
0 |
| Apr 19, 1972 |
EF4 |
75 km |
5 |
| Apr 27, 1966 |
EF4 |
23 km |
0 |
| May 4, 1960 |
EF4 |
79 km |
0 |
| May 9, 1959 |
EF4 |
45 km |
7 |
| Sep 14, 1957 |
EF4 |
91 km |
2 |
| Apr 2, 1957 |
EF4 |
29 km |
2 |
| Apr 2, 1957 |
EF4 |
46 km |
3 |
| Apr 28, 1950 |
EF4 |
99 km |
5 |
| May 25, 2024 |
EF3 |
99 km |
0 |
| Apr 27, 2024 |
EF3 |
89 km |
2 |
| Apr 27, 2024 |
EF3 |
34 km |
1 |
| Apr 30, 2019 |
EF3 |
59 km |
2 |
| May 9, 2016 |
EF3 |
51 km |
0 |
| May 9, 2016 |
EF3 |
77 km |
0 |
| May 9, 2016 |
EF3 |
20 km |
1 |
| May 25, 2015 |
EF3 |
53 km |
1 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: LOCO-HEALDTON (56,584 ac, 2009).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2009 |
LOCO-HEALDTON |
56,584 |
63 km |
| 1991 |
ARBUCKLE |
29,823 |
40 km |
| 2021 |
WINDMILL |
28,410 |
50 km |
| 2009 |
RATCLIFF CITY-TATUMS |
23,099 |
71 km |
| 2009 |
BRUSHY MOUNTAIN |
18,412 |
55 km |
| 2011 |
UNNAMED |
17,973 |
97 km |
| 2005 |
UNNAMED |
15,416 |
55 km |
| 2006 |
RATLIFF CITY |
12,435 |
68 km |
| 2004 |
UNNAMED |
12,163 |
88 km |
| 2005 |
UNNAMED |
10,935 |
73 km |
| 2000 |
UNNAMED |
9,943 |
43 km |
| 2017 |
CHOCKIE FIRE |
8,574 |
87 km |
| 2005 |
PINE SPRINGS |
7,709 |
91 km |
| 2005 |
SHERWOOD |
7,473 |
93 km |
| 1988 |
UNNAMED |
7,228 |
35 km |
| 2006 |
BIALOCO |
6,843 |
84 km |
| 2006 |
MILL CREEK |
6,577 |
82 km |
| 2006 |
VELMA |
6,364 |
89 km |
| 1996 |
TURNPIKE MVD |
5,912 |
35 km |
| 1991 |
UNNAMED |
5,867 |
90 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
41°F (5°C) |
1.6 in |
Coldest, Driest |
| February |
45°F (7°C) |
2.2 in |
|
| March |
53°F (12°C) |
3.5 in |
|
| April |
62°F (16°C) |
3.7 in |
|
| May |
69°F (21°C) |
5.3 in |
Wettest |
| June |
77°F (25°C) |
4.3 in |
|
| July |
82°F (28°C) |
2.6 in |
Warmest |
| August |
82°F (28°C) |
2.5 in |
|
| September |
74°F (24°C) |
4.6 in |
|
| October |
64°F (18°C) |
4.3 in |
|
| November |
52°F (11°C) |
2.8 in |
|
| December |
43°F (6°C) |
2.1 in |
|
Ravia has a seasonal temperature swing of 41°F / from 41°F in January to 82°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 39.4 inches, with May being the wettest month (5.3") and January the driest (1.6").
Average costs for common services in Ravia. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$220 ($132–$351) |
| Specialist Visit |
$307 ($176–$483) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$176 ($88–$307) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$1,932 ($702–$4,390) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$114 ($66–$176) |
| Dental Filling |
$220 ($132–$351) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$40 ($22–$66) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$66 ($44–$105) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$263 ($132–$439) |
| Tire Rotation |
$35 ($18–$66) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$527 ($351–$878) |
| Battery Replacement |
$176 ($88–$307) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$88 ($53–$132) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$79 ($44–$123) |
| HVAC Repair |
$351 ($132–$702) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,146 ($3,512–$10,536) |
| Roof Repair |
$878 ($351–$1,756) |
| Roof Replacement |
$7,902 ($4,829–$13,170) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,317 ($439–$3,073) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$13,170 ($4,390–$26,340) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,390 ($1,756–$8,780) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,317 ($702–$2,634) |
| Will Preparation |
$439 ($176–$878) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,195 ($878–$4,390) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$22 ($13–$40) |
| Women's Haircut |
$48 ($26–$88) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$132 ($66–$220) |
| Manicure |
$22 ($13–$40) |
| Pedicure |
$35 ($22–$57) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$70 ($44–$114) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.60 ($2.63–$4.83) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.07 ($2.20–$4.39) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.34 ($2.20–$4.83) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$3.95 ($2.63–$5.71) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$4.83 ($3.51–$6.59) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.88 ($0.53–$1.58) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$123 ($70–$220) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$61 ($26–$132) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$61 ($35–$105) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$61 ($35–$88) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$57 ($26–$88) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$75 ($44–$132) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$176 ($66–$439) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,756 ($1,054–$3,073) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$61 ($26–$114) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$13 ($7.02–$22) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$88 ($26–$220) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$26 ($13–$66) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,054 ($527–$2,195) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$878 ($439–$1,756) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$351 ($176–$615) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$44 ($22–$88) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$878 ($351–$2,195) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$10,975 ($4,390–$26,340) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$53 ($26–$88) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$88 ($44–$176) |
| Dog Grooming |
$53 ($26–$88) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$35 ($18–$66) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$263 ($132–$439) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$176 ($88–$351) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $858 |
| Toddler | $741 |
| Preschool | $741 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
| Infant | $623 |
| Toddler | $573 |
| Preschool | $573 |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About Ravia
What is the population of Ravia?
Ravia has a population of 517 residents and is located in Oklahoma. The population density is 907 people per square mile, spread across 0.5 square miles. The median age of residents is 35.5 years, which is younger than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 47.2% female and 52.8% male.
Is Ravia expensive to live in?
Ravia is more affordable than the national average, with a cost of living index of 87.8 / below the baseline of 100. The median household income is $59,141, 21% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $66,200 (77% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $800 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 1.1x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Ravia safe?
Ravia is considered a very safe city with a violent crime rate of 65 per 100,000 residents, well below the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 586 per 100,000 (below the national average). Overall, Ravia receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Ravia?
Ravia enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 62°F (17°C). Winter temperatures average 41°F in January, while summers reach an average of 82°F in July. The area receives 318 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 45.
How is the job market in Ravia?
The job market in Ravia is very strong, with unemployment at just 1.9% / well below the national rate of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $863. There are 262 business establishments in the area, including 16 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 21 minutes, and 1.0% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Ravia?
The median home value in Ravia is $66,200. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $141,390. For renters, the median monthly rent is $800. Fair market rent is $791 for a 1-bedroom and $995 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 72.5%. The average annual property tax is $1,978.
How are the schools in Ravia?
Schools in Ravia have an average test score of 4.4 out of 10, below typical national benchmarks. Families may want to research individual school ratings. 5.5% of adults in Ravia hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 85.5% have completed high school. 1.9% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Ravia?
The obesity rate in Ravia is 40.7% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 24.3% of adults are smokers. 37.6% are physically inactive. 28.8% of residents report depression. 12.9% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 40.7% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:3,434.
What is transportation like in Ravia?
The average commute in Ravia is 21 minutes, shorter than the national average of 28 minutes. 88.6% of workers drive alone to work, and 1.0% work from home.
What are the demographics of Ravia?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Ravia is 68.7% White, 1.2% Black or African American, 26.3% Hispanic or Latino. 99.4% of residents speak only English at home. 9.6% of the population are military veterans. 27.7% of residents have a disability. 79.7% have health insurance coverage.