Median Income
$63,259
16% lower than US avg
Home Value
$55,000
80% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
637/100K
68% higher than US avg
Bachelor's+
15.8%
53% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$639
45% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
35.2%
10% higher than US avg
Unemployment
3.8%
6% higher than US avg
Poverty Rate
14.1%
14% higher than US avg
How Roby Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population691
Median Age36.6 yrs
Density960/mi²
Male / Female53% / 47%
Largest GroupWhite 83%
Veterans12.8%
Economy
B+
Median Income$63,259
Per Capita$30,764
Unemployment3.8%
Poverty14.1%
County GDP$423M
Commute21 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$55,000
Rent$639
Ownership79.4%
Zillow$109,455
Housing Units349
Rent Burden16.7%
Crime
F
Violent637/100K
Property1,714/100K
Health
Obesity35.2%
Uninsured15.3%
Smoking12.5%
Depression24.1%
Heart Disease4.7%
Climate
Avg Temp66°F (19°C)
AQI42 (Good)
Rain23.5 in/yr
Sunny Days328/yr
Elevation1,965 ft (599 m)
Education
C
Bachelor's+15.8%
High School+94.7%
Graduate+5.4%
School Score5.14
Community
2024 VoteR 81% / D 18%
Commute21 min
Broadband83.2%
EV Stations2
Libraries1
Is Roby a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Roby receives an overall livability score of 3.0 out of 5.0, earning a grade of B. Key strengths include affordable housing, abundant sunshine. Areas to be aware of include elevated crime rates, a high uninsured rate. Roby offers a solid quality of life with a good balance of affordability, safety, and opportunity.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Roby is $63,259, 16% below the national average of $75,149. Unemployment stands at 3.8%, indicating a healthy job market. 14.1% of residents live in poverty, near the national average of 12.4%. Workers commute an average of 21 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Roby is $55,000, 80% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $639 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 0.9x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
With 637 violent crimes per 100,000 residents, public safety is a notable concern / this is significantly above the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 1,714 per 100,000, near the national average.
Education
15.8% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 94.7% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 5.1/10.
Climate & Weather
Roby enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 66°F. Winters average 45°F in January while summers reach 85°F in July. With 328 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 23.5 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 42.
Roby has a population of 691 with a density of 960 people per square mile, spread across 0.7 square miles. The median age is 36.6 years, 6% younger than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 46.9% female and 53.1% male. The city is predominantly White (83.1%), with 3.6% Hispanic, 6.2% Black. English is the primary language spoken at home by 83% of residents, while 17% speak Spanish. 12.8% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 22.7% of residents have a disability (above the 13.0% national average). 79.9% have health insurance coverage.
Population
36.6yrs
Median Age
6% below US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
83.0%
6% above US avg
Spanish
17.0%
27% above US avg
The median household income in Roby is $63,259, which is 16% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $30,764 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $1,087, 24% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 3.8% (above the 3.6% US average). 14.1% of residents live below the poverty line. The area has 116 business establishments, including 3 restaurants. The cost of living index is 97.1, roughly in line with the national average. Workers commute an average of 21 minutes (shorter than the 28-minute US average). 4.7% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $63,259 |
| 16% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $30,764 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $1,087 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $77,887 |
| Gini Index | 0.415 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 3.8% |
| 6% above US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 14.1% |
| 14% above US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 116 |
| County GDP | $423M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 3 |
| Healthcare | 3 |
| Retail | 16 |
| Manufacturing | 3 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $3,075 |
| 12% below US avg |
| Cost of Living | 97.10 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 5.59% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 20.9 min |
| Drive Alone | 90.0% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 4.7% |
The median home value in Roby is $55,000, 80% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $109,455, higher than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $639 (45% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $935 for a one-bedroom to $1,149 for a two-bedroom apartment. 79.4% of housing units are owner-occupied (above the 65.4% national rate). There are 349 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1960. The average annual property tax is $3,075. 16.7% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 0.9x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $55,000 |
| 80% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $109,455 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $639 |
| 45% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 16.7% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $887 |
| 1 Bedroom | $935 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $1,149 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,497 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,733 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 79.4% |
| Owner-Occupied | 79.4% |
| Renter-Occupied | 20.6% |
| Housing Units | 349 |
| Median Year Built | 1960 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $3,075 |
| 12% below US avg |
| Effective Rate | 5.59% |
In Roby, 35.2% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 10.2% have diabetes. Heart disease affects 4.7% of residents, below the national average. 30.2% have high blood pressure. 12.5% are current smokers. 19.2% report binge drinking. 25.4% are physically inactive. 24.1% report depression (above the 20.0% national average). 18.3% experience frequent mental distress. 15.3% of residents lack health insurance (above the 8.6% national rate). The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,853. The dentist ratio is 1:3,622. 41.6% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 7.5 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Roby vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 35.2% |
| 10% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 10.2% |
| Heart Disease | 4.7% |
| High Blood Pressure | 30.2% |
| Asthma | 10.1% |
| COPD | 5.2% |
| Cancer | 6.4% |
| Stroke | 2.7% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 12.5% |
| 11% below US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 19.2% |
| Physical Inactivity | 25.4% |
| Depression | 24.1% |
| Mental Distress | 18.3% |
| Physical Distress | 12.6% |
| Short Sleep | 36.7% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 79.9% |
| Uninsured | 15.3% |
| 78% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:1,853 |
| Dentists | 1:3,622 |
| Checkup Rate | 72.7% |
| Dental Visits | 58.6% |
| Premature Death | 13,850/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 7.5/10 |
| Exercise Access | 41.6% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 3 |
Roby has a violent crime rate of 637 per 100,000 residents, 68% above the national average of 380. Property crime stands at 1,714 per 100,000, 13% below the U.S. average. The county recorded 2 fatal traffic crashes. Overall, Roby receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Roby vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 636.6/100K |
| 68% above US avg |
| |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 1,714.0/100K |
| 13% below US avg |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 2 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 0.0 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Roby enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 66°F (19°C). Winters average 45°F in January while summers reach 85°F in July. The area gets 328 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 23.5 inches (drier than the 38-inch national average). The area receives 3.5 inches of snow annually. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 42. The city sits at an elevation of 1,965 feet.
Temperature
45°F Jan (7°C)
85°F Jul (30°C)
| Annual Average | 65.6°F |
| 21% above US avg |
| January Average | 45°F (7°C) |
| July Average | 85°F (30°C) |
| Sunny Days | 328 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 1,965 ft (599 m) |
| Area | 0.7 sq mi (1.9 km²) |
| Population Density | 960/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 32.7460°N, 100.3794°W |
| Timezone | America/Chicago |
| County | Fisher County County |
| Nearest Airport | Abilene Regional (ABI)
47 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
23.5"
38% below US avg
Wettest Month (Sep)
3.70"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 42.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Very Low |
| Risk Score | 1.9 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 10.6 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 61.6 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Very Low |
| Hurricane |
Very Low |
| Earthquake |
Very Low |
| Wildfire |
Very Low |
| Flood |
Very Low |
| Hail |
Relatively Low |
| Strong Wind |
Very Low |
| Heat Wave |
Very Low |
| Winter Weather |
Very Low |
| Lightning |
Very Low |
| Ice Storm |
Very Low |
| Drought |
Relatively Moderate |
| Cold Wave |
Very Low |
| Landslide |
Very Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
296 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M5.1. Most recent: M2.7 on Aug 14, 2025.
| Jul 26, 2024 |
17 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M5.1 |
26 km |
| Jul 23, 2024 |
17 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M4.9 |
26 km |
| Feb 16, 2023 |
15 km NE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M4.7 |
26 km |
| Jul 27, 2024 |
13 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M4.5 |
30 km |
| Apr 10, 2024 |
21 km N of Stanton, Texas |
M4.4 |
143 km |
| Jul 23, 2024 |
16 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M4.4 |
28 km |
| Sep 11, 2011 |
20 km NE of Snyder, Texas |
M4.3 |
38 km |
| Jul 25, 2024 |
16 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M4.0 |
29 km |
| Jun 6, 2022 |
18 km SE of Ackerly, Texas |
M3.9 |
119 km |
| Sep 22, 2023 |
8 km NE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M3.9 |
30 km |
| Jul 30, 2024 |
15 km NE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M3.8 |
25 km |
| Mar 13, 2011 |
32 km WNW of Rotan, Texas |
M3.8 |
46 km |
| Aug 17, 2022 |
17 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M3.8 |
27 km |
| Jul 20, 2025 |
14 km NE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M3.7 |
27 km |
| Jan 10, 2016 |
25 km NNE of Snyder, Texas |
M3.6 |
48 km |
| Jun 16, 2022 |
16 km SSE of Ackerly, Texas |
M3.6 |
125 km |
| Jul 19, 2024 |
6 km WSW of Westbrook, Texas |
M3.6 |
80 km |
| Oct 2, 2023 |
16 km NE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M3.6 |
26 km |
| Aug 14, 2024 |
16 km NNE of Hermleigh, Texas |
M3.6 |
30 km |
| Feb 15, 2021 |
15 km N of Stanton, Texas |
M3.5 |
142 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Tornado History
542 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF4. Total: 26 fatalities, 206 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| May 26, 1962 |
EF4 |
74 km |
0 |
| Mar 13, 1953 |
EF4 |
72 km |
17 |
| Apr 28, 1950 |
EF4 |
90 km |
5 |
| May 2, 2024 |
EF3 |
50 km |
0 |
| Apr 24, 1991 |
EF3 |
73 km |
0 |
| May 14, 1990 |
EF3 |
49 km |
0 |
| Apr 19, 1986 |
EF3 |
33 km |
1 |
| Mar 14, 1982 |
EF3 |
100 km |
0 |
| May 26, 1976 |
EF3 |
73 km |
0 |
| May 25, 1976 |
EF3 |
68 km |
0 |
| Apr 15, 1976 |
EF3 |
84 km |
0 |
| May 24, 1968 |
EF3 |
24 km |
0 |
| May 24, 1968 |
EF3 |
39 km |
0 |
| May 24, 1968 |
EF3 |
33 km |
0 |
| May 15, 1965 |
EF3 |
69 km |
0 |
| May 31, 1962 |
EF3 |
92 km |
0 |
| May 25, 1962 |
EF3 |
37 km |
1 |
| Sep 3, 1961 |
EF3 |
86 km |
0 |
| May 7, 1961 |
EF3 |
77 km |
0 |
| May 3, 2024 |
EF2 |
85 km |
0 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: BIG COUNTRY FIRE (209,352 ac, 1988).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 1988 |
BIG COUNTRY FIRE |
209,352 |
93 km |
| 2011 |
COOPER MOUNTAIN RANCH |
157,855 |
32 km |
| 2011 |
SWENSON |
136,789 |
74 km |
| 2011 |
DICKENS COUNTY COMPLEX |
90,808 |
90 km |
| 2011 |
WHITE HAT |
71,857 |
64 km |
| 2008 |
EIGHTY-TWO FIRE |
31,611 |
97 km |
| 1996 |
PITCHFORK FIRE |
27,222 |
85 km |
| 2011 |
DOS AMIGOS |
18,960 |
92 km |
| 2021 |
BUCK |
18,671 |
95 km |
| 2008 |
SILVER |
18,094 |
86 km |
| 2022 |
SMOKE STACK LIGHTNING |
14,602 |
53 km |
| 2011 |
611 GAS PLANT |
14,430 |
23 km |
| 2011 |
MITCHELL COUNTY COMPLEX |
11,350 |
83 km |
| 2022 |
MESQUITE HEAT |
10,807 |
66 km |
| 2008 |
UNNAMED |
10,804 |
46 km |
| 2011 |
ROCK CREEK |
10,128 |
60 km |
| 2011 |
UNNAMED |
8,308 |
96 km |
| 2011 |
SHEPERDS COMPLEX |
6,496 |
63 km |
| 2008 |
MESQUITE GROVE |
5,850 |
51 km |
| 2008 |
SNYDER COMPLEX |
5,796 |
53 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
45°F (7°C) |
0.8 in |
Driest |
| February |
48°F (9°C) |
1.1 in |
|
| March |
56°F (13°C) |
1.2 in |
|
| April |
64°F (18°C) |
1.9 in |
|
| May |
73°F (23°C) |
3.4 in |
|
| June |
80°F (26°C) |
2.7 in |
|
| July |
85°F (30°C) |
2.1 in |
Warmest |
| August |
82°F (28°C) |
2.5 in |
|
| September |
75°F (24°C) |
3.7 in |
Wettest |
| October |
65°F (18°C) |
2.4 in |
|
| November |
53°F (12°C) |
1.2 in |
|
| December |
45°F (7°C) |
1.0 in |
Coldest |
Roby has a seasonal temperature swing of 41°F / from 45°F in December to 85°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 24.0 inches, with September being the wettest month (3.7") and January the driest (0.8").
Average costs for common services in Roby. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$243 ($146–$388) |
| Specialist Visit |
$340 ($194–$534) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$194 ($97–$340) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$2,136 ($777–$4,855) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$126 ($73–$194) |
| Dental Filling |
$243 ($146–$388) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$44 ($24–$73) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$73 ($49–$117) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$291 ($146–$486) |
| Tire Rotation |
$39 ($19–$73) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$583 ($388–$971) |
| Battery Replacement |
$194 ($97–$340) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$97 ($58–$146) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$87 ($49–$136) |
| HVAC Repair |
$388 ($146–$777) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,797 ($3,884–$11,652) |
| Roof Repair |
$971 ($388–$1,942) |
| Roof Replacement |
$8,739 ($5,341–$14,565) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,457 ($486–$3,399) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$14,565 ($4,855–$29,130) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,855 ($1,942–$9,710) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,457 ($777–$2,913) |
| Will Preparation |
$486 ($194–$971) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,428 ($971–$4,855) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$24 ($15–$44) |
| Women's Haircut |
$53 ($29–$97) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$146 ($73–$243) |
| Manicure |
$24 ($15–$44) |
| Pedicure |
$39 ($24–$63) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$78 ($49–$126) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.98 ($2.91–$5.34) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.40 ($2.43–$4.86) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.69 ($2.43–$5.34) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.37 ($2.91–$6.31) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$5.34 ($3.88–$7.28) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.97 ($0.58–$1.75) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$136 ($78–$243) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$68 ($29–$146) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$68 ($39–$117) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$68 ($39–$97) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$63 ($29–$97) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$83 ($49–$146) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$194 ($73–$486) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,942 ($1,165–$3,399) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$68 ($29–$126) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$15 ($7.77–$24) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$97 ($29–$243) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$29 ($15–$73) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,165 ($583–$2,428) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$971 ($486–$1,942) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$388 ($194–$680) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$49 ($24–$97) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$971 ($388–$2,428) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$12,138 ($4,855–$29,130) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$58 ($29–$97) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$97 ($49–$194) |
| Dog Grooming |
$58 ($29–$97) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$39 ($19–$73) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$291 ($146–$486) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$194 ($97–$388) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $537 |
| Toddler | $507 |
| Preschool | $494 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
| Infant | $489 |
| Toddler | $468 |
| Preschool | $463 |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About Roby
What is the population of Roby?
Roby has a population of 691 residents and is located in Texas. The population density is 960 people per square mile, spread across 0.7 square miles. The median age of residents is 36.6 years, which is younger than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 46.9% female and 53.1% male.
Is Roby expensive to live in?
Roby has a cost of living roughly in line with the national average, with an index of 97.1 (baseline: 100). The median household income is $63,259, 16% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $55,000 (80% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $639 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 0.9x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Roby safe?
Public safety is a concern in Roby, with a violent crime rate of 637 per 100,000 / significantly above the national average of 380. However, crime tends to concentrate in certain areas, and many neighborhoods remain relatively safe. Property crime occurs at a rate of 1,714 per 100,000 (below the national average). Overall, Roby receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Roby?
Roby enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 66°F (19°C). Winter temperatures average 45°F in January, while summers reach an average of 85°F in July. The area receives 328 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 23.5 inches, with 3.5 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 42.
How is the job market in Roby?
Roby has a healthy job market with an unemployment rate of 3.8%, near the national average of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $1,087. There are 116 business establishments in the area, including 3 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 21 minutes, and 4.7% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Roby?
The median home value in Roby is $55,000. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $109,455. For renters, the median monthly rent is $639. Fair market rent is $935 for a 1-bedroom and $1,149 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 79.4%. The average annual property tax is $3,075.
How are the schools in Roby?
Schools in Roby score 5.1 out of 10 on standardized testing, near the national average. 15.8% of adults in Roby hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 94.7% have completed high school. 5.4% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Roby?
The obesity rate in Roby is 35.2% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 12.5% of adults are smokers. 25.4% are physically inactive. 24.1% of residents report depression. 15.3% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 41.6% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,853.
What is transportation like in Roby?
The average commute in Roby is 21 minutes, shorter than the national average of 28 minutes. 90% of workers drive alone to work, and 4.7% work from home.
What are the demographics of Roby?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Roby is 83.1% White, 6.2% Black or African American, 3.6% Hispanic or Latino. 83% of residents speak only English at home, while 17% speak Spanish. 12.8% of the population are military veterans. 22.7% of residents have a disability. 79.9% have health insurance coverage.
All Countries
