Median Income
$86,250
15% higher than US avg
Home Value
$200,000
29% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
405/100K
6% higher than US avg
Bachelor's+
30.1%
11% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$915
21% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
38.1%
19% higher than US avg
Unemployment
1.9%
47% lower than US avg
Poverty Rate
0.8%
94% lower than US avg
How Anderson Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population309
Median Age51.0 yrs
Density240/mi²
Male / Female56% / 44%
Largest GroupWhite 88%
Veterans15.9%
Economy
A+
Median Income$86,250
Per Capita$40,645
Unemployment1.9%
Poverty0.8%
County GDP$3,929M
Commute37 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$200,000
Rent$915
Ownership76.6%
Zillow$215,860
Housing Units112
Rent Burden12.8%
Crime
F
Violent405/100K
Property2,589/100K
Health
Obesity38.1%
Uninsured11.5%
Smoking18.6%
Depression26.5%
Heart Disease6.6%
Climate
Avg Temp61°F (16°C)
AQI41 (Good)
Rain58.5 in/yr
Sunny Days301/yr
Elevation721 ft (220 m)
Education
B
Bachelor's+30.1%
High School+96.2%
Graduate+9.3%
School Score5.34
Community
2024 VoteR 75% / D 24%
Commute37 min
Broadband94.3%
EV Stations11
Libraries4
Is Anderson a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Anderson receives an overall livability score of 3.5 out of 5.0, earning a grade of B+. Key strengths include above-average household incomes, low unemployment, affordable housing, abundant sunshine. Areas to be aware of include long commute times. Anderson offers a solid quality of life with a good balance of affordability, safety, and opportunity.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Anderson is $86,250, 15% above the national average of $75,149. Residents generally enjoy above-average earning potential. The job market is very strong with unemployment at just 1.9%. Only 0.8% of residents live below the poverty line, well below the national rate of 12.4%. Workers commute an average of 37 minutes, longer than the typical American commute of 28 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Anderson is $200,000, 29% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $915 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 2.3x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
The violent crime rate of 405 per 100,000 is above the national average of 380 / something for prospective residents to consider. Property crime occurs at a rate of 2,589 per 100,000, 32% above the national average.
Education
30.1% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 96.2% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 5.3/10.
Climate & Weather
Anderson enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 61°F. Winters average 41°F in January while summers reach 79°F in July. With 301 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 58.5 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 41.
Anderson has a population of 309 with a density of 240 people per square mile, spread across 1.3 square miles. The median age is 51.0 years, 31% older than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 44.3% female and 55.7% male. The city is predominantly White (88%), with 2.3% Black. English is the primary language spoken at home by 87.1% of residents, while 12.9% speak Spanish. 15.9% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 10.8% of residents have a disability. 93.4% have health insurance coverage.
Population
51.0yrs
Median Age
31% above US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
87.1%
11% above US avg
Spanish
12.9%
4% below US avg
The median household income in Anderson is $86,250, which is 15% above the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $40,645. The average weekly wage is $899, 37% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 1.9% (below the 3.6% US average). 0.8% of residents live below the poverty line, lower than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 2,558 business establishments, including 199 restaurants. The cost of living index is 88.8, below the national baseline of 100 / offering relatively affordable living. Workers commute an average of 37 minutes (longer than the 28-minute US average). 5.4% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $86,250 |
| 15% above US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $40,645 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $899 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $73,087 |
| Gini Index | 0.462 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 1.9% |
| 47% below US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 0.8% |
| 94% below US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 2,558 |
| County GDP | $3,929M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 199 |
| Healthcare | 245 |
| Retail | 371 |
| Manufacturing | 83 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $2,296 |
| 34% below US avg |
| Cost of Living | 88.80 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 1.15% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 37.2 min |
| Drive Alone | 88.5% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 5.4% |
The median home value in Anderson is $200,000, 29% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $215,860. Monthly rent averages $915 (21% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $772 for a one-bedroom to $936 for a two-bedroom apartment. 76.6% of housing units are owner-occupied (above the 65.4% national rate). There are 112 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1964. The average annual property tax is $2,296 (lower than the $3,500 national average). 12.8% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.3x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $200,000 |
| 29% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $215,860 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $915 |
| 21% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 12.8% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $716 |
| 1 Bedroom | $772 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $936 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,206 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,381 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 76.6% |
| Owner-Occupied | 76.6% |
| Renter-Occupied | 23.4% |
| Housing Units | 112 |
| Median Year Built | 1964 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $2,296 |
| 34% below US avg |
| Effective Rate | 1.15% |
In Anderson, 38.1% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 11.8% have diabetes. Heart disease affects 6.6% of residents. 37.0% have high blood pressure. 18.6% are current smokers (above the 14.0% national rate). 16.5% report binge drinking. 29.1% are physically inactive, above the national average. 26.5% report depression (above the 20.0% national average). 19.8% experience frequent mental distress. 11.5% of residents lack health insurance (above the 8.6% national rate). The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,844. The dentist ratio is 1:1,712. 52.7% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 7.2 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Anderson vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 38.1% |
| 19% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 11.8% |
| Heart Disease | 6.6% |
| High Blood Pressure | 37.0% |
| Asthma | 10.1% |
| COPD | 8.6% |
| Cancer | 7.5% |
| Stroke | 3.5% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 18.6% |
| 33% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 16.5% |
| Physical Inactivity | 29.1% |
| Depression | 26.5% |
| Mental Distress | 19.8% |
| Physical Distress | 15.1% |
| Short Sleep | 41.4% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 93.4% |
| Uninsured | 11.5% |
| 34% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:1,844 |
| Dentists | 1:1,712 |
| Mental Health | 1:510 |
| Checkup Rate | 76.3% |
| Dental Visits | 54.9% |
| Premature Death | 9,937/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 7.2/10 |
| Exercise Access | 52.7% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 245 |
Anderson has a violent crime rate of 405 per 100,000 residents, 6% above the national average of 380. Property crime stands at 2,589 per 100,000, 32% above the U.S. average. The county recorded 8 fatal traffic crashes. Overall, Anderson receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Anderson vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 404.5/100K |
| 6% above US avg |
| |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 2,589.0/100K |
| 32% above US avg |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 8 |
| Traffic Accidents | 5 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 2.0 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Anderson enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 61°F (16°C). Winters average 41°F in January while summers reach 79°F in July. The area gets 301 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 58.5 inches (wetter than the 38-inch national average). Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 41. The city sits at an elevation of 721 feet.
Temperature
41°F Jan (5°C)
79°F Jul (26°C)
| Annual Average | 61.0°F |
| 13% above US avg |
| January Average | 41°F (5°C) |
| July Average | 79°F (26°C) |
| Sunny Days | 301 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 721 ft (220 m) |
| Area | 1.3 sq mi (3.3 km²) |
| Population Density | 240/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 34.9157°N, 87.2743°W |
| Timezone | America/Chicago |
| County | Lauderdale County County |
| Nearest Airport | Northwest Alabama Regional (MSL) 22 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
58.5"
54% above US avg
Wettest Month (Mar)
6.42"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 41.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Relatively Moderate |
| Risk Score | 85.5 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 46.9 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 61.0 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Relatively High |
| Hurricane |
Relatively Low |
| Earthquake |
Relatively Moderate |
| Wildfire |
Very Low |
| Flood |
Relatively Moderate |
| Hail |
Very Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively High |
| Heat Wave |
Relatively Moderate |
| Winter Weather |
Relatively Low |
| Lightning |
Relatively High |
| Ice Storm |
Relatively Moderate |
| Drought |
Relatively Low |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively High |
| Landslide |
Very Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
43 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M3.9. Most recent: M2.5 on Jun 21, 2023.
| Dec 8, 2001 |
5 km SW of Pleasant Groves, Alabama |
M3.9 |
98 km |
| May 6, 2010 |
11 km ENE of Whitesboro, Alabama |
M3.2 |
146 km |
| Jun 23, 1990 |
12 km E of Vernon, Alabama |
M3.2 |
143 km |
| Sep 2, 1990 |
12 km NW of Fayette, Alabama |
M3.2 |
142 km |
| May 10, 2020 |
7 km SSE of Sewanee, Tennessee |
M3.1 |
128 km |
| Jun 23, 1990 |
8 km N of Belk, Alabama |
M3.1 |
147 km |
| May 28, 2000 |
13 km S of Winfield, Alabama |
M3.0 |
133 km |
| May 28, 2000 |
3 km NE of Fayette, Alabama |
M3.0 |
143 km |
| May 4, 1994 |
2 km NNW of Addison, Alabama |
M3.0 |
78 km |
| May 4, 2007 |
4 km SSW of Jasper, Alabama |
M3.0 |
124 km |
| May 4, 1994 |
12 km NNW of Addison, Alabama |
M3.0 |
69 km |
| Jan 2, 2000 |
4 km SW of Lester, Alabama |
M2.9 |
10 km |
| Jan 5, 2012 |
11 km NW of Oakman, Alabama |
M2.9 |
128 km |
| Jan 2, 2000 |
4 km SW of Lester, Alabama |
M2.9 |
10 km |
| Jun 25, 2020 |
4 km NNW of Berry, Alabama |
M2.9 |
140 km |
| Oct 3, 1993 |
3 km SW of Oakman, Alabama |
M2.8 |
137 km |
| May 13, 1999 |
11 km S of Pulaski, Tennessee |
M2.8 |
30 km |
| Sep 20, 1990 |
6 km N of Elkmont, Alabama |
M2.8 |
30 km |
| May 13, 1999 |
7 km NW of Elkmont, Alabama |
M2.8 |
23 km |
| May 10, 2020 |
7 km SSE of Sewanee, Tennessee |
M2.8 |
129 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Tornado History
611 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF5. Total: 146 fatalities, 2,453 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Apr 16, 1998 |
EF5 |
76 km |
3 |
| Apr 3, 1974 |
EF5 |
53 km |
28 |
| Apr 3, 1974 |
EF5 |
32 km |
16 |
| Apr 27, 2011 |
EF4 |
97 km |
6 |
| Feb 6, 2008 |
EF4 |
57 km |
4 |
| May 5, 1999 |
EF4 |
93 km |
3 |
| May 18, 1995 |
EF4 |
21 km |
3 |
| May 18, 1995 |
EF4 |
24 km |
1 |
| Nov 15, 1989 |
EF4 |
64 km |
21 |
| Apr 3, 1974 |
EF4 |
71 km |
11 |
| Apr 24, 1955 |
EF4 |
66 km |
5 |
| Mar 22, 1952 |
EF4 |
43 km |
4 |
| Feb 29, 1952 |
EF4 |
68 km |
2 |
| Feb 13, 1952 |
EF4 |
94 km |
3 |
| May 8, 2024 |
EF3 |
21 km |
0 |
| May 8, 2024 |
EF3 |
81 km |
1 |
| Apr 1, 2023 |
EF3 |
64 km |
1 |
| Nov 29, 2016 |
EF3 |
55 km |
0 |
| Dec 23, 2015 |
EF3 |
68 km |
0 |
| Apr 28, 2014 |
EF3 |
16 km |
2 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: UNNAMED (3,112 ac, 2014).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2014 |
UNNAMED |
3,112 |
72 km |
| 2020 |
BK OWL CREEK |
2,838 |
65 km |
| 2014 |
UNNAMED |
2,822 |
69 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
2,764 |
78 km |
| 2019 |
UNNAMED |
2,710 |
75 km |
| 2011 |
GREEN TOWER |
2,653 |
68 km |
| 2016 |
UNNAMED |
2,602 |
77 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
2,442 |
70 km |
| 2015 |
BIG TREE |
2,288 |
67 km |
| 2018 |
UNNAMED |
2,264 |
61 km |
| 2010 |
BALLS MT. |
2,229 |
73 km |
| 2015 |
UNNAMED |
2,160 |
77 km |
| 2014 |
UNNAMED |
2,143 |
73 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
2,114 |
76 km |
| 2021 |
BK LEOLA/WARREN |
2,007 |
61 km |
| 2024 |
BNK MILL CREEK RX |
1,959 |
79 km |
| 2010 |
STINSON GAP |
1,922 |
61 km |
| 2013 |
UNNAMED |
1,845 |
63 km |
| 2018 |
UNNAMED |
1,826 |
63 km |
| 2019 |
UNNAMED |
1,819 |
71 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
41°F (5°C) |
5.0 in |
Coldest |
| February |
42°F (6°C) |
4.7 in |
|
| March |
51°F (11°C) |
6.4 in |
Wettest |
| April |
59°F (15°C) |
4.8 in |
|
| May |
67°F (19°C) |
5.3 in |
|
| June |
74°F (23°C) |
4.2 in |
|
| July |
79°F (26°C) |
4.7 in |
Warmest |
| August |
77°F (25°C) |
3.4 in |
Driest |
| September |
71°F (22°C) |
4.1 in |
|
| October |
60°F (15°C) |
3.5 in |
|
| November |
50°F (10°C) |
4.9 in |
|
| December |
42°F (6°C) |
5.8 in |
|
Anderson has a seasonal temperature swing of 39°F / from 41°F in January to 79°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 56.7 inches, with March being the wettest month (6.4") and August the driest (3.4").
Average costs for common services in Anderson. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$222 ($133–$355) |
| Specialist Visit |
$311 ($178–$488) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$178 ($89–$311) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$1,954 ($710–$4,440) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$115 ($67–$178) |
| Dental Filling |
$222 ($133–$355) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$40 ($22–$67) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$67 ($44–$107) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$266 ($133–$444) |
| Tire Rotation |
$36 ($18–$67) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$533 ($355–$888) |
| Battery Replacement |
$178 ($89–$311) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$89 ($53–$133) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$80 ($44–$124) |
| HVAC Repair |
$355 ($133–$710) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,216 ($3,552–$10,656) |
| Roof Repair |
$888 ($355–$1,776) |
| Roof Replacement |
$7,992 ($4,884–$13,320) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,332 ($444–$3,108) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$13,320 ($4,440–$26,640) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,440 ($1,776–$8,880) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,332 ($710–$2,664) |
| Will Preparation |
$444 ($178–$888) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,220 ($888–$4,440) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$22 ($13–$40) |
| Women's Haircut |
$49 ($27–$89) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$133 ($67–$222) |
| Manicure |
$22 ($13–$40) |
| Pedicure |
$36 ($22–$58) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$71 ($44–$115) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.64 ($2.66–$4.88) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.11 ($2.22–$4.44) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.37 ($2.22–$4.88) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.00 ($2.66–$5.77) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$4.88 ($3.55–$6.66) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.89 ($0.53–$1.60) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$124 ($71–$222) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$62 ($27–$133) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$62 ($36–$107) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$62 ($36–$89) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$58 ($27–$89) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$75 ($44–$133) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$178 ($67–$444) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,776 ($1,066–$3,108) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$62 ($27–$115) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$13 ($7.10–$22) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$89 ($27–$222) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$27 ($13–$67) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,066 ($533–$2,220) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$888 ($444–$1,776) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$355 ($178–$622) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$44 ($22–$89) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$888 ($355–$2,220) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$11,100 ($4,440–$26,640) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$53 ($27–$89) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$89 ($44–$178) |
| Dog Grooming |
$53 ($27–$89) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$36 ($18–$67) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$266 ($133–$444) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$178 ($89–$355) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $589 |
| Toddler | $583 |
| Preschool | $550 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
| Infant | $633 |
| Toddler | $606 |
| Preschool | $606 |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About Anderson
What is the population of Anderson?
Anderson has a population of 309 residents and is located in Alabama. The population density is 240 people per square mile, spread across 1.3 square miles. The median age of residents is 51.0 years, which is older than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 44.3% female and 55.7% male.
Is Anderson expensive to live in?
Anderson is more affordable than the national average, with a cost of living index of 88.8 / below the baseline of 100. The median household income is $86,250, 15% above the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $200,000 (29% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $915 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.3x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Anderson safe?
The violent crime rate in Anderson is 405 per 100,000 residents, above the national average of 380. Prospective residents should research specific neighborhoods, as crime rates can vary significantly within the city. Property crime occurs at a rate of 2,589 per 100,000 (above the national average). Overall, Anderson receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Anderson?
Anderson enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 61°F (16°C). Winter temperatures average 41°F in January, while summers reach an average of 79°F in July. The area receives 301 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 58.5 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 41.
How is the job market in Anderson?
The job market in Anderson is very strong, with unemployment at just 1.9% / well below the national rate of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $899. There are 2,558 business establishments in the area, including 199 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 37 minutes, and 5.4% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Anderson?
The median home value in Anderson is $200,000. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $215,860. For renters, the median monthly rent is $915. Fair market rent is $772 for a 1-bedroom and $936 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 76.6%. The average annual property tax is $2,296.
How are the schools in Anderson?
Schools in Anderson score 5.3 out of 10 on standardized testing, near the national average. 30.1% of adults in Anderson hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 96.2% have completed high school. 9.3% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Anderson?
The obesity rate in Anderson is 38.1% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 18.6% of adults are smokers. 29.1% are physically inactive. 26.5% of residents report depression. 11.5% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 52.7% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,844.
What is transportation like in Anderson?
The average commute in Anderson is 37 minutes, longer than the national average of 28 minutes. 88.5% of workers drive alone to work, and 5.4% work from home.
What are the demographics of Anderson?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Anderson is 88% White, 2.3% Black or African American. 87.1% of residents speak only English at home, while 12.9% speak Spanish. 15.9% of the population are military veterans. 10.8% of residents have a disability. 93.4% have health insurance coverage.