Median Income
$57,000
24% lower than US avg
Home Value
$101,300
64% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
50/100K
87% lower than US avg
Bachelor's+
12.4%
63% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$675
42% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
39.7%
24% higher than US avg
Unemployment
1.3%
64% lower than US avg
Poverty Rate
2.2%
82% lower than US avg
How Dumas Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population358
Median Age43.0 yrs
Density92/mi²
Male / Female54% / 46%
Largest GroupWhite 100%
Veterans4.0%
Economy
A
Median Income$57,000
Per Capita$29,809
Unemployment1.3%
Poverty2.2%
County GDP$899M
Commute32 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$101,300
Rent$675
Ownership88.6%
Zillow$154,462
Housing Units160
Rent Burden18.8%
Crime
F
Violent50/100K
Property1,670/100K
Health
Obesity39.7%
Uninsured10.2%
Smoking16.9%
Depression22.7%
Heart Disease6.1%
Climate
Avg Temp60°F (15°C)
AQI43 (Good)
Rain57.6 in/yr
Sunny Days301/yr
Elevation592 ft (180 m)
Education
D
Bachelor's+12.4%
High School+86.5%
Graduate+6.4%
School Score4.79
Community
2024 VoteR 83% / D 16%
Commute32 min
Broadband80.7%
EV Stations4
Libraries4
Is Dumas a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Dumas receives an overall livability score of 3.0 out of 5.0, earning a grade of B. Key strengths include low unemployment, low crime rates, affordable housing, abundant sunshine. Areas to be aware of include below-average incomes, high obesity rates. Dumas offers a solid quality of life with a good balance of affordability, safety, and opportunity.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Dumas is $57,000, 24% below the national average of $75,149. The job market is very strong with unemployment at just 1.3%. Only 2.2% of residents live below the poverty line, well below the national rate of 12.4%. Workers commute an average of 32 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Dumas is $101,300, 64% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $675 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 1.8x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
Dumas is a very safe community with a violent crime rate of 50 per 100,000 residents / well below the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 1,670 per 100,000, near the national average.
Education
12.4% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 86.5% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 4.8/10.
Climate & Weather
Dumas enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 60°F. Winters average 39°F in January while summers reach 79°F in July. With 301 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 57.6 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 43.
Dumas has a population of 358 with a density of 92 people per square mile, spread across 3.9 square miles. The median age is 43.0 years, 11% older than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 46.1% female and 53.9% male. The city is predominantly White (99.7%). English is the primary language spoken at home by 99.4% of residents. 4.0% of the population are veterans, below the national rate of 6.0%. 23.2% of residents have a disability (above the 13.0% national average). 80.8% have health insurance coverage.
Population
43.0yrs
Median Age
11% above US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
99.4%
27% above US avg
Spanish
0.6%
96% below US avg
The median household income in Dumas is $57,000, which is 24% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $29,809 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $833, 42% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 1.3% (below the 3.6% US average). 2.2% of residents live below the poverty line, lower than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 396 business establishments, including 34 restaurants. The cost of living index is 87, below the national baseline of 100 / offering relatively affordable living. Workers commute an average of 32 minutes (longer than the 28-minute US average). 4.1% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $57,000 |
| 24% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $29,809 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $833 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $54,687 |
| Gini Index | 0.460 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 1.3% |
| 64% below US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 2.2% |
| 82% below US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 396 |
| County GDP | $899M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 34 |
| Healthcare | 30 |
| Retail | 75 |
| Manufacturing | 23 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $2,626 |
| 25% below US avg |
| Cost of Living | 87.00 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2.59% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 32.1 min |
| Drive Alone | 84.8% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 4.1% |
The median home value in Dumas is $101,300, 64% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $154,462, higher than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $675 (42% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $782 for a one-bedroom to $924 for a two-bedroom apartment. 88.6% of housing units are owner-occupied (above the 65.4% national rate). There are 160 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1993. The average annual property tax is $2,626 (lower than the $3,500 national average). 18.8% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 1.8x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $101,300 |
| 64% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $154,462 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $675 |
| 42% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 18.8% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $751 |
| 1 Bedroom | $782 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $924 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,177 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,295 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 88.6% |
| Owner-Occupied | 88.6% |
| Renter-Occupied | 11.4% |
| Housing Units | 160 |
| Median Year Built | 1993 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $2,626 |
| 25% below US avg |
| Effective Rate | 2.59% |
In Dumas, 39.7% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 10.6% have diabetes. Heart disease affects 6.1% of residents. 35.7% have high blood pressure. 16.9% are current smokers (above the 14.0% national rate). 17.3% report binge drinking. 29.6% are physically inactive, above the national average. 22.7% report depression. 18.3% experience frequent mental distress. 10.2% of residents lack health insurance. The primary care physician ratio is 1:10,818. The dentist ratio is 1:5,358. 45.0% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 6.9 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Dumas vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 39.7% |
| 24% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 10.6% |
| Heart Disease | 6.1% |
| High Blood Pressure | 35.7% |
| Asthma | 9.3% |
| COPD | 7.4% |
| Cancer | 7.6% |
| Stroke | 3.2% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 16.9% |
| 21% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 17.3% |
| Physical Inactivity | 29.6% |
| Depression | 22.7% |
| Mental Distress | 18.3% |
| Physical Distress | 13.6% |
| Short Sleep | 34.7% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 80.8% |
| Uninsured | 10.2% |
| 19% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:10,818 |
| Dentists | 1:5,358 |
| Mental Health | 1:760 |
| Checkup Rate | 77.7% |
| Dental Visits | 11.3% |
| Premature Death | 13,004/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 6.9/10 |
| Exercise Access | 45.0% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 30 |
Dumas has a violent crime rate of 50 per 100,000 residents, 87% below the national average of 380. Property crime stands at 1,670 per 100,000, 15% below the U.S. average. The county recorded 6 fatal traffic crashes. Overall, Dumas receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Dumas vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 49.9/100K |
| 87% below US avg |
| |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 1,670.4/100K |
| 15% below US avg |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 6 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 0.0 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Dumas enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 60°F (15°C). Winters average 39°F in January while summers reach 79°F in July. The area gets 301 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 57.6 inches (wetter than the 38-inch national average). The area receives 1.6 inches of snow annually. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 43. The city sits at an elevation of 592 feet.
Temperature
39°F Jan (4°C)
79°F Jul (26°C)
| Annual Average | 59.8°F |
| 11% above US avg |
| January Average | 39°F (4°C) |
| July Average | 79°F (26°C) |
| Sunny Days | 301 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 592 ft (180 m) |
| Area | 3.9 sq mi (10.1 km²) |
| Population Density | 92/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 34.6380°N, 88.8431°W |
| Timezone | America/Chicago |
| County | Tippah County County |
| Nearest Airport | Tupelo Regional (TUP) 26 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
57.6"
52% above US avg
Wettest Month (Mar)
6.18"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 43.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Relatively Low |
| Risk Score | 43.8 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 78.0 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 28.6 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Relatively Moderate |
| Hurricane |
Relatively Low |
| Earthquake |
Relatively Low |
| Wildfire |
Very Low |
| Flood |
Very Low |
| Hail |
Very Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively Low |
| Heat Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Winter Weather |
Very Low |
| Lightning |
Relatively Low |
| Ice Storm |
Relatively Low |
| Drought |
Relatively Low |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively Moderate |
| Landslide |
Relatively Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
32 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M3.5. Most recent: M2.5 on Feb 8, 2020.
| Aug 25, 2015 |
9 km W of Henning, Tennessee |
M3.5 |
137 km |
| Aug 29, 1990 |
9 km WSW of Central, Tennessee |
M3.4 |
147 km |
| Jun 23, 1990 |
12 km E of Vernon, Alabama |
M3.2 |
126 km |
| Sep 2, 1990 |
12 km NW of Fayette, Alabama |
M3.2 |
129 km |
| Aug 19, 1994 |
9 km WSW of Gilt Edge, Tennessee |
M3.2 |
138 km |
| Jun 23, 1990 |
8 km N of Belk, Alabama |
M3.1 |
131 km |
| May 10, 2008 |
1 km SSE of Sherman, Mississippi |
M3.1 |
32 km |
| Nov 6, 1994 |
11 km WSW of Trenton, Tennessee |
M3.1 |
147 km |
| Aug 7, 2015 |
16 km W of Millington, Tennessee |
M3.0 |
138 km |
| May 28, 2000 |
3 km NE of Fayette, Alabama |
M3.0 |
140 km |
| May 28, 2000 |
13 km S of Winfield, Alabama |
M3.0 |
132 km |
| Apr 3, 1992 |
4 km NE of Central, Tennessee |
M2.9 |
146 km |
| Jan 16, 2009 |
8 km NE of Garland, Tennessee |
M2.8 |
136 km |
| Feb 25, 1999 |
10 km NE of Oakland, Mississippi |
M2.8 |
108 km |
| Aug 11, 2002 |
8 km ESE of Darling, Mississippi |
M2.8 |
127 km |
| Sep 8, 2002 |
6 km W of Henning, Tennessee |
M2.7 |
136 km |
| Jan 3, 1993 |
4 km SW of Sunset, Arkansas |
M2.7 |
142 km |
| Mar 11, 2006 |
17 km E of Olivet, Tennessee |
M2.7 |
98 km |
| Jan 15, 2016 |
8 km ENE of Natural Bridge, Alabama |
M2.6 |
134 km |
| Oct 2, 1995 |
9 km ENE of Clarkedale, Arkansas |
M2.6 |
141 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Tornado History
447 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF5. Total: 226 fatalities, 1,476 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Apr 27, 2011 |
EF5 |
75 km |
23 |
| Apr 27, 2011 |
EF5 |
87 km |
72 |
| Apr 16, 1998 |
EF5 |
99 km |
3 |
| Dec 23, 2015 |
EF4 |
79 km |
9 |
| Feb 5, 2008 |
EF4 |
87 km |
3 |
| May 4, 2003 |
EF4 |
100 km |
11 |
| Apr 19, 1970 |
EF4 |
17 km |
4 |
| Apr 29, 1963 |
EF4 |
59 km |
3 |
| Mar 21, 1952 |
EF4 |
71 km |
38 |
| Mar 21, 1952 |
EF4 |
81 km |
16 |
| Mar 31, 2023 |
EF3 |
58 km |
9 |
| Mar 24, 2023 |
EF3 |
88 km |
2 |
| Dec 23, 2015 |
EF3 |
97 km |
0 |
| Apr 28, 2014 |
EF3 |
46 km |
0 |
| Apr 27, 2011 |
EF3 |
82 km |
0 |
| May 2, 2010 |
EF3 |
37 km |
3 |
| May 8, 2008 |
EF3 |
42 km |
0 |
| Feb 5, 2008 |
EF3 |
68 km |
0 |
| Feb 5, 2008 |
EF3 |
95 km |
3 |
| May 4, 2003 |
EF3 |
94 km |
0 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: COMP 109 (3,663 ac, 2010).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2010 |
COMP 109 |
3,663 |
58 km |
| 2014 |
C-55 CHILLI LAKE |
3,555 |
28 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
3,152 |
45 km |
| 2014 |
C-39 EAST CHEWALLA |
3,107 |
45 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
3,031 |
27 km |
| 2022 |
HOLLY SPRINGS BB 119/90/88 |
2,955 |
54 km |
| 2013 |
UNNAMED |
2,848 |
44 km |
| 2006 |
WITCHDCE W |
2,846 |
78 km |
| 2014 |
C-84 BAGLEY BOTTOMS |
2,766 |
55 km |
| 2016 |
UNNAMED |
2,645 |
57 km |
| 2013 |
MIDWAY CEM PRESCRIBED BURN |
2,513 |
52 km |
| 2007 |
WITCHDANCE EAST |
2,285 |
78 km |
| 2013 |
PUSKUS LAKE |
2,271 |
52 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
2,248 |
41 km |
| 2021 |
TOMBIGBEE CPT - 18/19/23/24 |
2,201 |
79 km |
| 2022 |
HOLLY SPRINGS BB 51/52/53 |
2,182 |
26 km |
| 2010 |
COMP 42 |
2,142 |
44 km |
| 2017 |
UNNAMED |
2,073 |
54 km |
| 2022 |
HOLLY SPRINGS BB10 11 12 14 |
1,977 |
30 km |
| 2016 |
UNNAMED |
1,972 |
38 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
39°F (4°C) |
4.8 in |
Coldest |
| February |
44°F (6°C) |
4.8 in |
|
| March |
52°F (11°C) |
6.2 in |
Wettest |
| April |
60°F (16°C) |
5.5 in |
|
| May |
68°F (20°C) |
5.6 in |
|
| June |
76°F (24°C) |
4.0 in |
|
| July |
79°F (26°C) |
4.5 in |
Warmest |
| August |
78°F (26°C) |
3.3 in |
Driest |
| September |
72°F (22°C) |
3.7 in |
|
| October |
61°F (16°C) |
3.4 in |
|
| November |
51°F (10°C) |
5.6 in |
|
| December |
43°F (6°C) |
5.9 in |
|
Dumas has a seasonal temperature swing of 40°F / from 39°F in January to 79°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 57.3 inches, with March being the wettest month (6.2") and August the driest (3.3").
Average costs for common services in Dumas. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$218 ($131–$348) |
| Specialist Visit |
$305 ($174–$479) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$174 ($87–$305) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$1,914 ($696–$4,350) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$113 ($65–$174) |
| Dental Filling |
$218 ($131–$348) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$39 ($22–$65) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$65 ($44–$104) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$261 ($131–$435) |
| Tire Rotation |
$35 ($17–$65) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$522 ($348–$870) |
| Battery Replacement |
$174 ($87–$305) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$87 ($52–$131) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$78 ($44–$122) |
| HVAC Repair |
$348 ($131–$696) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,090 ($3,480–$10,440) |
| Roof Repair |
$870 ($348–$1,740) |
| Roof Replacement |
$7,830 ($4,785–$13,050) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,305 ($435–$3,045) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$13,050 ($4,350–$26,100) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,350 ($1,740–$8,700) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,305 ($696–$2,610) |
| Will Preparation |
$435 ($174–$870) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,175 ($870–$4,350) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$22 ($13–$39) |
| Women's Haircut |
$48 ($26–$87) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$131 ($65–$218) |
| Manicure |
$22 ($13–$39) |
| Pedicure |
$35 ($22–$57) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$70 ($44–$113) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.57 ($2.61–$4.79) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.05 ($2.18–$4.35) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.31 ($2.18–$4.79) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$3.92 ($2.61–$5.66) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$4.79 ($3.48–$6.53) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.87 ($0.52–$1.57) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$122 ($70–$218) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$61 ($26–$131) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$61 ($35–$104) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$61 ($35–$87) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$57 ($26–$87) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$74 ($44–$131) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$174 ($65–$435) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,740 ($1,044–$3,045) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$61 ($26–$113) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$13 ($6.96–$22) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$87 ($26–$218) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$26 ($13–$65) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,044 ($522–$2,175) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$870 ($435–$1,740) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$348 ($174–$609) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$44 ($22–$87) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$870 ($348–$2,175) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$10,875 ($4,350–$26,100) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$52 ($26–$87) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$87 ($44–$174) |
| Dog Grooming |
$52 ($26–$87) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$35 ($17–$65) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$261 ($131–$435) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$174 ($87–$348) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $512 |
| Toddler | $466 |
| Preschool | $466 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About Dumas
What is the population of Dumas?
Dumas has a population of 358 residents and is located in Mississippi. The population density is 92 people per square mile, spread across 3.9 square miles. The median age of residents is 43.0 years, which is older than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 46.1% female and 53.9% male.
Is Dumas expensive to live in?
Dumas is more affordable than the national average, with a cost of living index of 87 / below the baseline of 100. The median household income is $57,000, 24% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $101,300 (64% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $675 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 1.8x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Dumas safe?
Dumas is considered a very safe city with a violent crime rate of 50 per 100,000 residents, well below the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 1,670 per 100,000 (below the national average). Overall, Dumas receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Dumas?
Dumas enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 60°F (15°C). Winter temperatures average 39°F in January, while summers reach an average of 79°F in July. The area receives 301 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 57.6 inches, with 1.6 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 43.
How is the job market in Dumas?
The job market in Dumas is very strong, with unemployment at just 1.3% / well below the national rate of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $833. There are 396 business establishments in the area, including 34 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 32 minutes, and 4.1% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Dumas?
The median home value in Dumas is $101,300. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $154,462. For renters, the median monthly rent is $675. Fair market rent is $782 for a 1-bedroom and $924 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 88.6%. The average annual property tax is $2,626.
How are the schools in Dumas?
Schools in Dumas have an average test score of 4.8 out of 10, below typical national benchmarks. Families may want to research individual school ratings. 12.4% of adults in Dumas hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 86.5% have completed high school. 6.4% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Dumas?
The obesity rate in Dumas is 39.7% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 16.9% of adults are smokers. 29.6% are physically inactive. 22.7% of residents report depression. 10.2% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 45.0% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:10,818.
What is transportation like in Dumas?
The average commute in Dumas is 32 minutes, longer than the national average of 28 minutes. 84.8% of workers drive alone to work, and 4.1% work from home.
What are the demographics of Dumas?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Dumas is 99.7% White. 99.4% of residents speak only English at home. 4.0% of the population are military veterans. 23.2% of residents have a disability. 80.8% have health insurance coverage.