Median Income
$73,333
2% lower than US avg
Home Value
$149,500
47% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
68/100K
82% lower than US avg
Bachelor's+
6.8%
80% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$1,109
5% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
36.2%
13% higher than US avg
Unemployment
5.5%
53% higher than US avg
Poverty Rate
9.2%
26% lower than US avg
How Meshoppen Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population402
Median Age28.5 yrs
Density583/mi²
Male / Female54% / 46%
Largest GroupWhite 91%
Veterans3.2%
Economy
B+
Median Income$73,333
Per Capita$22,850
Unemployment5.5%
Poverty9.2%
County GDP$1,866M
Commute23 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$149,500
Rent$1,109
Ownership71.8%
Zillow$235,827
Housing Units177
Rent Burden14.7%
Crime
F
Violent68/100K
Property3,399/100K
Murder0.0/100K
Assault68/100K
Burglary136/100K
Health
Obesity36.2%
Smoking26.9%
Heart Disease6.9%
Climate
Avg Temp46°F (8°C)
AQI40 (Good)
Rain43.4 in/yr
Sunny Days275/yr
Elevation1,025 ft (312 m)
Education
D
Bachelor's+6.8%
High School+79.1%
Graduate+4.2%
School Score5.91
Community
2024 VoteR 68% / D 31%
Commute23 min
Broadband96.8%
EV Stations1
Libraries1
Is Meshoppen a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Meshoppen receives an overall livability score of 2.8 out of 5.0, earning a grade of C+. Key strengths include low crime rates, affordable housing, abundant sunshine, strong internet connectivity. Areas to be aware of include above-average unemployment. Meshoppen has some notable strengths but also faces challenges that prospective residents should consider.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Meshoppen is $73,333, roughly in line with the national average of $75,149. The unemployment rate of 5.5% is somewhat elevated compared to the national rate of 3.6%. 9.2% of residents live in poverty, near the national average of 12.4%. Workers commute an average of 23 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Meshoppen is $149,500, 47% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $1,109 per month. At just 2x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
Meshoppen is a very safe community with a violent crime rate of 68 per 100,000 residents / well below the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 3,399 per 100,000, 73% above the national average.
Education
6.8% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 79.1% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 5.9/10.
Climate & Weather
Meshoppen experiences four distinct seasons with an average temperature of 46°F. Winters average 24°F in January while summers reach 68°F in July. With 275 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 43.4 inches, including 41.4 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 40.
Meshoppen has a population of 402 with a density of 583 people per square mile, spread across 0.3 square miles. The median age is 28.5 years, 27% younger than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 45.8% female and 54.2% male. The city is predominantly White (91%). English is the primary language spoken at home by 99.7% of residents. 3.2% of the population are veterans, below the national rate of 6.0%. 6.1% of residents have a disability (below the 13.0% national average). 90.5% have health insurance coverage.
Population
28.5yrs
Median Age
27% below US avg
Race & Ethnicity
Meshoppen vs U.S. Average
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
99.7%
27% above US avg
Spanish
0.3%
98% below US avg
Social Characteristics
Meshoppen vs U.S. Average
The median household income in Meshoppen is $73,333, which is 2% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $22,850 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $1,180, 18% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 5.5% (above the 3.6% US average). 9.2% of residents live below the poverty line, lower than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 714 business establishments, including 61 restaurants. The cost of living index is 97.6, roughly in line with the national average. Workers commute an average of 23 minutes (shorter than the 28-minute US average). 7.0% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income: Meshoppen vs U.S.
Income
| Median HH Income | $73,333 |
| 2% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $22,850 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $1,180 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $77,470 |
| Gini Index | 0.442 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 5.5% |
| 53% above US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 9.2% |
| 26% below US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 714 |
| County GDP | $1,866M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 61 |
| Healthcare | 56 |
| Retail | 108 |
| Manufacturing | 24 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $5,922 |
| 69% above US avg |
| Cost of Living | 97.60 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 3.96% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 22.7 min |
| Drive Alone | 84.5% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 7.0% |
The median home value in Meshoppen is $149,500, 47% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $235,827, higher than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $1,109 (5% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $996 for a one-bedroom to $1,225 for a two-bedroom apartment. 71.8% of housing units are owner-occupied. There are 177 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1938. The average annual property tax is $5,922 (higher than the $3,500 national average). 14.7% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 2x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $149,500 |
| 47% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $235,827 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $1,109 |
| 5% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 14.7% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $900 |
| 1 Bedroom | $996 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $1,225 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,570 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,744 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 71.8% |
| Owner-Occupied | 71.8% |
| Renter-Occupied | 28.2% |
| Housing Units | 177 |
| Median Year Built | 1938 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $5,922 |
| 69% above US avg |
| Effective Rate | 3.96% |
In Meshoppen, 36.2% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 10.6% have diabetes. Heart disease affects 6.9% of residents, above the national average. 31.9% have high blood pressure. 26.9% are current smokers (above the 14.0% national rate). 20.1% report binge drinking. 29.7% are physically inactive, above the national average. 16.7% experience frequent mental distress. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,736. The dentist ratio is 1:2,168. 62.5% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 8.8 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Meshoppen vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 36.2% |
| 13% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 10.6% |
| Heart Disease | 6.9% |
| High Blood Pressure | 31.9% |
| Asthma | 10.6% |
| COPD | 8.2% |
| Cancer | 6.5% |
| Kidney Disease | 3.2% |
| Stroke | 3.5% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 26.9% |
| 92% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 20.1% |
| Physical Inactivity | 29.7% |
| Mental Distress | 16.7% |
| Physical Distress | 15.5% |
| Short Sleep | 37.5% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 90.5% |
| |
| Primary Care | 1:1,736 |
| Dentists | 1:2,168 |
| Mental Health | 1:1,295 |
| Checkup Rate | 69.3% |
| Dental Visits | 58.4% |
| Premature Death | 9,243/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 8.8/10 |
| Exercise Access | 62.5% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 56 |
Meshoppen has a violent crime rate of 68 per 100,000 residents, 82% below the national average of 380. This breaks down to aggravated assault at 68.0 per 100,000, robbery at 0.0, rape at 0.0. The murder rate is 0.0 per 100,000 (below the national rate of 6.3). Property crime stands at 3,399 per 100,000, 73% above the U.S. average. This includes larceny/theft at 3,263, burglary at 136, vehicle theft at 0 per 100,000 residents. Overall, Meshoppen receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Meshoppen vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 68.0/100K |
| 82% below US avg |
| Murder | 0.0/100K |
| 100% below US avg |
| Rape | 0.0/100K |
| Robbery | 0.0/100K |
| Assault | 68.0/100K |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 3,399.1/100K |
| 73% above US avg |
| Burglary | 136.0/100K |
| Theft | 3,263.1/100K |
| Vehicle Theft | 0.0/100K |
| Arson | 0.0/100K |
Traffic Safety
| Traffic Accidents | 16 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 2.6 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Meshoppen experiences four distinct seasons with an average annual temperature of 46°F (8°C). Winters average 24°F in January while summers reach 68°F in July. The area gets 275 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 43.4 inches. The area receives 41.4 inches of snow annually, making winter weather a significant factor for residents. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 40. The city sits at an elevation of 1,025 feet.
Temperature
24°F Jan (-5°C)
68°F Jul (20°C)
| Annual Average | 46.1°F |
| 15% below US avg |
| January Average | 24°F (-5°C) |
| July Average | 68°F (20°C) |
| Sunny Days | 275 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 1,025 ft (312 m) |
| Area | 0.3 sq mi (0.8 km²) |
| Population Density | 583/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 41.6093°N, 76.0418°W |
| Timezone | America/New_York |
| County | Wyoming County County |
| Nearest Airport | Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International (AVP)
25 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
43.4"
14% above US avg
Wettest Month (Jun)
4.09"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 40.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Air Pollutants (EPA 2023)
| PM2.5 (Fine Particles) | 5.9 μg/m³ |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Relatively Low |
| Risk Score | 44.8 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 46.3 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 73.0 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Very Low |
| Hurricane |
Relatively Low |
| Earthquake |
Very Low |
| Wildfire |
Very Low |
| Flood |
Relatively Low |
| Hail |
Very Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively Low |
| Heat Wave |
Very Low |
| Winter Weather |
Relatively Low |
| Lightning |
Relatively Low |
| Ice Storm |
Very Low |
| Drought |
No Rating |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Landslide |
Relatively Low |
| Avalanche |
Very Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
15 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M4.8. Most recent: M2.8 on Jun 10, 2025.
| Apr 5, 2024 |
2024 Tewksbury, New Jersey Earthquake |
M4.8 |
148 km |
| Jan 16, 1994 |
2 km W of Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania |
M4.6 |
142 km |
| Jan 16, 1994 |
0 km E of Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania |
M4.2 |
143 km |
| Apr 5, 2024 |
7 km WSW of Gladstone, New Jersey |
M3.7 |
149 km |
| Feb 3, 2001 |
6 km W of Bath, New York |
M3.2 |
139 km |
| Aug 26, 2003 |
4 km NNW of Milford, New Jersey |
M3.1 |
136 km |
| Jan 16, 1994 |
0 km SSE of Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania |
M2.9 |
143 km |
| May 24, 2024 |
6 km E of Califon, New Jersey |
M2.9 |
147 km |
| Apr 27, 2024 |
7 km WSW of Gladstone, New Jersey |
M2.9 |
149 km |
| Jun 10, 2025 |
10 km NW of Forksville, Pennsylvania |
M2.8 |
53 km |
| May 10, 1993 |
1 km NW of Whitfield, Pennsylvania |
M2.8 |
140 km |
| Oct 28, 1996 |
2 km W of Reinholds, Pennsylvania |
M2.6 |
149 km |
| Apr 5, 2024 |
6 km ESE of Califon, New Jersey |
M2.6 |
148 km |
| Apr 10, 2024 |
5 km WSW of Gladstone, New Jersey |
M2.6 |
150 km |
| May 7, 1994 |
2 km SW of Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania |
M2.5 |
144 km |
| Jan 8, 1995 |
1 km WSW of Montrose Manor, Pennsylvania |
M2.5 |
146 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Hurricane History
1 hurricane (Cat 1+) within 500 km since 1980.
Strongest: Category 1. Most recent: Gloria (1985, Cat 1).
| Year |
Name |
Category |
Closest |
| 1985 |
Gloria |
Category 1 |
256 km |
Source: NOAA IBTrACS (Cat 1+, 1980–2026)
Tornado History
213 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF3. Total: 3 fatalities, 83 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Jun 2, 1998 |
EF3 |
1 km |
2 |
| May 31, 1998 |
EF3 |
86 km |
0 |
| May 31, 1998 |
EF3 |
52 km |
0 |
| May 2, 1983 |
EF3 |
59 km |
0 |
| May 2, 1983 |
EF3 |
71 km |
0 |
| Apr 22, 2023 |
EF2 |
95 km |
0 |
| Apr 14, 2019 |
EF2 |
56 km |
0 |
| Oct 2, 2018 |
EF2 |
95 km |
0 |
| Jun 13, 2018 |
EF2 |
55 km |
0 |
| Jun 13, 2018 |
EF2 |
44 km |
0 |
| Feb 25, 2017 |
EF2 |
46 km |
0 |
| Jul 8, 2014 |
EF2 |
37 km |
0 |
| Apr 27, 2011 |
EF2 |
84 km |
0 |
| Jul 23, 2010 |
EF2 |
56 km |
0 |
| Dec 1, 2006 |
EF2 |
59 km |
0 |
| May 31, 1998 |
EF2 |
77 km |
0 |
| May 31, 1998 |
EF2 |
77 km |
0 |
| Nov 8, 1996 |
EF2 |
100 km |
0 |
| Jul 15, 1992 |
EF2 |
81 km |
0 |
| Sep 18, 1991 |
EF2 |
47 km |
0 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Tsunami History
1 tsunami recorded within 500 km.
| Year |
Location |
Cause |
Max Wave |
Deaths |
Distance |
| 1895 |
HIGH BRIDGE, NJ |
Earthquake |
— |
— |
143 km |
Source: NOAA/NCEI Historical Tsunami Database. Sorted by wave height.
Wildfire History
7 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: 16 MILE (7,896 ac, 2016).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2016 |
16 MILE |
7,896 |
87 km |
| 2009 |
PENOBSCOT |
2,091 |
48 km |
| 2004 |
CRYSTAL LAKE |
1,838 |
53 km |
| 2020 |
SEVEN PINES |
790 |
78 km |
| 2015 |
RAZOR FIRE |
728 |
97 km |
| 2015 |
PIPELINE 1 |
666 |
62 km |
| 2016 |
BEAR TOWN |
649 |
83 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
24°F (-5°C) |
2.4 in |
Coldest, Driest |
| February |
25°F (-4°C) |
2.4 in |
|
| March |
34°F (1°C) |
2.8 in |
|
| April |
45°F (7°C) |
3.3 in |
|
| May |
56°F (13°C) |
3.7 in |
|
| June |
65°F (18°C) |
4.1 in |
Wettest |
| July |
68°F (20°C) |
3.7 in |
|
| August |
68°F (20°C) |
3.5 in |
Warmest |
| September |
61°F (16°C) |
3.6 in |
|
| October |
50°F (10°C) |
3.0 in |
|
| November |
40°F (4°C) |
3.3 in |
|
| December |
30°F (-1°C) |
2.8 in |
|
Meshoppen has a seasonal temperature swing of 45°F / from 24°F in January to 68°F in August. Total annual precipitation is 38.5 inches, with June being the wettest month (4.1") and January the driest (2.4").
Average costs for common services in Meshoppen. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$244 ($146–$390) |
| Specialist Visit |
$342 ($195–$537) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$195 ($98–$342) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$2,147 ($781–$4,880) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$127 ($73–$195) |
| Dental Filling |
$244 ($146–$390) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$44 ($24–$73) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$73 ($49–$117) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$293 ($146–$488) |
| Tire Rotation |
$39 ($20–$73) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$586 ($390–$976) |
| Battery Replacement |
$195 ($98–$342) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$98 ($59–$146) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$88 ($49–$137) |
| HVAC Repair |
$390 ($146–$781) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,832 ($3,904–$11,712) |
| Roof Repair |
$976 ($390–$1,952) |
| Roof Replacement |
$8,784 ($5,368–$14,640) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,464 ($488–$3,416) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$14,640 ($4,880–$29,280) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,880 ($1,952–$9,760) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,464 ($781–$2,928) |
| Will Preparation |
$488 ($195–$976) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,440 ($976–$4,880) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$24 ($15–$44) |
| Women's Haircut |
$54 ($29–$98) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$146 ($73–$244) |
| Manicure |
$24 ($15–$44) |
| Pedicure |
$39 ($24–$63) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$78 ($49–$127) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$4.00 ($2.93–$5.37) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.42 ($2.44–$4.88) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.71 ($2.44–$5.37) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.39 ($2.93–$6.34) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$5.37 ($3.90–$7.32) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.98 ($0.59–$1.76) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$137 ($78–$244) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$68 ($29–$146) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$68 ($39–$117) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$68 ($39–$98) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$63 ($29–$98) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$83 ($49–$146) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$195 ($73–$488) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,952 ($1,171–$3,416) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$68 ($29–$127) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$15 ($7.81–$24) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$98 ($29–$244) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$29 ($15–$73) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,171 ($586–$2,440) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$976 ($488–$1,952) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$390 ($195–$683) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$49 ($24–$98) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$976 ($390–$2,440) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$12,200 ($4,880–$29,280) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$59 ($29–$98) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$98 ($49–$195) |
| Dog Grooming |
$59 ($29–$98) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$39 ($20–$73) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$293 ($146–$488) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$195 ($98–$390) |
View all 9 services
Frequently Asked Questions About Meshoppen
What is the population of Meshoppen?
Meshoppen has a population of 402 residents and is located in Pennsylvania. The population density is 583 people per square mile, spread across 0.3 square miles. The median age of residents is 28.5 years, which is younger than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 45.8% female and 54.2% male.
Is Meshoppen expensive to live in?
Meshoppen has a cost of living roughly in line with the national average, with an index of 97.6 (baseline: 100). The median household income is $73,333, 2% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $149,500 (47% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $1,109 per month. The home price-to-income ratio is 2x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Meshoppen safe?
Meshoppen is considered a very safe city with a violent crime rate of 68 per 100,000 residents, well below the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 3,399 per 100,000 (above the national average). Overall, Meshoppen receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Meshoppen?
Meshoppen has a four-season climate with an average annual temperature of 46°F (8°C). Winter temperatures average 24°F in January, while summers reach an average of 68°F in July. The area receives 275 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 43.4 inches, with 41.4 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 40.
How is the job market in Meshoppen?
The unemployment rate in Meshoppen is 5.5%, somewhat above the national average of 3.6%. Job seekers may face moderate competition. The average weekly wage is $1,180. There are 714 business establishments in the area, including 61 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 23 minutes, and 7.0% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Meshoppen?
The median home value in Meshoppen is $149,500. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $235,827. For renters, the median monthly rent is $1,109. Fair market rent is $996 for a 1-bedroom and $1,225 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 71.8%. The average annual property tax is $5,922.
How are the schools in Meshoppen?
Schools in Meshoppen score 5.9 out of 10 on standardized testing, near the national average. 6.8% of adults in Meshoppen hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 79.1% have completed high school. 4.2% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Meshoppen?
The obesity rate in Meshoppen is 36.2% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 26.9% of adults are smokers. 29.7% are physically inactive. 62.5% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,736.
What is transportation like in Meshoppen?
The average commute in Meshoppen is 23 minutes, shorter than the national average of 28 minutes. 84.5% of workers drive alone to work, and 7.0% work from home.
What are the demographics of Meshoppen?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Meshoppen is 91% White, 0.7% Hispanic or Latino. 99.7% of residents speak only English at home. 3.2% of the population are military veterans. 6.1% of residents have a disability. 90.5% have health insurance coverage.
All Countries
