Median Income
$38,988
48% lower than US avg
Home Value
$96,000
66% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
202/100K
47% lower than US avg
Bachelor's+
10.3%
69% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$764
34% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
45.2%
41% higher than US avg
Unemployment
3.8%
6% higher than US avg
Poverty Rate
22.5%
81% higher than US avg
How Slocomb Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population1,995
Median Age46.9 yrs
Density210/mi²
Male / Female43% / 57%
Largest GroupWhite 72%
Veterans10.6%
Economy
C+
Median Income$38,988
Per Capita$23,101
Unemployment3.8%
Poverty22.5%
County GDP$827M
Commute27 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$96,000
Rent$764
Ownership71.9%
Zillow$126,977
Housing Units885
Rent Burden28.4%
Crime
F
Violent202/100K
Property1,314/100K
Murder0.0/100K
Assault202/100K
Burglary556/100K
Health
Obesity45.2%
Uninsured12.9%
Smoking21.3%
Depression27.1%
Heart Disease7.6%
Climate
Avg Temp65°F (19°C)
AQI41 (Good)
Rain62.3 in/yr
Sunny Days313/yr
Elevation259 ft (79 m)
Education
D
Bachelor's+10.3%
High School+84.1%
Graduate+2.5%
School Score4.63
Community
2024 VoteR 88% / D 11%
Commute27 min
Broadband76.7%
EV Stations15
Libraries4
Is Slocomb a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Slocomb receives an overall livability score of 2.6 out of 5.0, earning a grade of C+. Key strengths include low crime rates, affordable housing, abundant sunshine. Areas to be aware of include an elevated poverty rate, a high uninsured rate, below-average incomes. Slocomb has some notable strengths but also faces challenges that prospective residents should consider.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Slocomb is $38,988, 48% below the national average of $75,149. Unemployment stands at 3.8%, indicating a healthy job market. The poverty rate of 22.5% exceeds the national average of 12.4%, indicating economic hardship for a significant portion of the population. Workers commute an average of 27 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Slocomb is $96,000, 66% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $764 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 2.5x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
Violent crime in Slocomb is below the national average at 202 per 100,000 residents (U.S. avg: 380). Property crime occurs at a rate of 1,314 per 100,000, 33% below the national average.
Education
10.3% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 84.1% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 4.6/10.
Climate & Weather
Slocomb enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 65°F. Winters average 48°F in January while summers reach 81°F in July. With 313 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 62.3 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 41.
Slocomb has a population of 1,995 with a density of 210 people per square mile, spread across 9.5 square miles. The median age is 46.9 years, 21% older than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 56.8% female and 43.2% male. The city is predominantly White (71.9%), with 1.7% Hispanic, 23.7% Black. English is the primary language spoken at home by 95.9% of residents. 10.6% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 28.7% of residents have a disability (above the 13.0% national average). 83.7% have health insurance coverage.
Population
46.9yrs
Median Age
21% above US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
95.9%
22% above US avg
Spanish
4.1%
69% below US avg
The median household income in Slocomb is $38,988, which is 48% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $23,101 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $819, 43% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 3.8% (above the 3.6% US average). 22.5% of residents live below the poverty line, higher than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 605 business establishments, including 34 restaurants. The cost of living index is 88.8, below the national baseline of 100 / offering relatively affordable living. Workers commute an average of 27 minutes. 3.0% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $38,988 |
| 48% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $23,101 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $819 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $52,098 |
| Gini Index | 0.436 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 3.8% |
| 6% above US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 22.5% |
| 81% above US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 605 |
| County GDP | $827M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 34 |
| Healthcare | 31 |
| Retail | 85 |
| Manufacturing | 22 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $1,490 |
| 57% below US avg |
| Cost of Living | 88.80 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 1.55% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 27.0 min |
| Drive Alone | 91.3% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 3.0% |
The median home value in Slocomb is $96,000, 66% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $126,977, higher than the Census estimate. Homes sell for 103% of their list price, indicating a competitive market where bidding wars are common. Monthly rent averages $764 (34% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $772 for a one-bedroom to $936 for a two-bedroom apartment. 71.9% of housing units are owner-occupied. There are 885 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1973. The average annual property tax is $1,490 (lower than the $3,500 national average). 28.4% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.5x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $96,000 |
| 66% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $126,977 |
| Median List Price | $209,000 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
| Median List Price | $209,000 |
| $/Sq Ft | $189 |
| Homes Sold | 2 |
| Sale-to-List Ratio | 103.0% |
| Price Drops | 33.3% |
| Inventory | 12 |
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $764 |
| 34% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 28.4% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $716 |
| 1 Bedroom | $772 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $936 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,206 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,381 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 71.9% |
| Owner-Occupied | 71.9% |
| Renter-Occupied | 28.1% |
| Housing Units | 885 |
| Median Year Built | 1973 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $1,490 |
| 57% below US avg |
| Effective Rate | 1.55% |
In Slocomb, 45.2% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 15.0% have diabetes (above the 10.5% national rate). Heart disease affects 7.6% of residents, above the national average. 42.2% have high blood pressure. 21.3% are current smokers (above the 14.0% national rate). 15.0% report binge drinking. 32.8% are physically inactive, above the national average. 27.1% report depression (above the 20.0% national average). 20.9% experience frequent mental distress. 12.9% of residents lack health insurance (above the 8.6% national rate). The primary care physician ratio is 1:3,338. The dentist ratio is 1:13,392. 35.5% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 6.6 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Slocomb vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 45.2% |
| 41% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 15.0% |
| Heart Disease | 7.6% |
| High Blood Pressure | 42.2% |
| Asthma | 11.0% |
| COPD | 9.8% |
| Cancer | 6.9% |
| Stroke | 4.4% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 21.3% |
| 52% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 15.0% |
| Physical Inactivity | 32.8% |
| Depression | 27.1% |
| Mental Distress | 20.9% |
| Physical Distress | 16.5% |
| Short Sleep | 44.8% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 83.7% |
| Uninsured | 12.9% |
| 50% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:3,338 |
| Dentists | 1:13,392 |
| Mental Health | 1:2,699 |
| Checkup Rate | 78.0% |
| Dental Visits | 48.1% |
| Premature Death | 14,287/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 6.6/10 |
| Exercise Access | 35.5% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 31 |
Slocomb has a violent crime rate of 202 per 100,000 residents, 47% below the national average of 380. This breaks down to aggravated assault at 202.1 per 100,000, robbery at 0.0, rape at 0.0. The murder rate is 0.0 per 100,000 (below the national rate of 6.3). Property crime stands at 1,314 per 100,000, 33% below the U.S. average. This includes larceny/theft at 556, burglary at 556, vehicle theft at 202 per 100,000 residents. The county recorded 7 fatal traffic crashes. The area has experienced 91 federally declared disasters. Overall, Slocomb receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Slocomb vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 202.1/100K |
| 47% below US avg |
| Murder | 0.0/100K |
| 100% below US avg |
| Rape | 0.0/100K |
| Robbery | 0.0/100K |
| Assault | 202.1/100K |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 1,313.8/100K |
| 33% below US avg |
| Burglary | 555.8/100K |
| Theft | 555.8/100K |
| Vehicle Theft | 202.1/100K |
| Arson | 0.0/100K |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 7 |
| Traffic Accidents | 37 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 2.0 / 4.0 |
| FEMA Disasters | 91 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Slocomb enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 65°F (19°C). Winters average 48°F in January while summers reach 81°F in July. The area gets 313 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 62.3 inches (wetter than the 38-inch national average). Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 41. The city sits at an elevation of 259 feet.
Temperature
48°F Jan (9°C)
81°F Jul (27°C)
| Annual Average | 65.4°F |
| 21% above US avg |
| January Average | 48°F (9°C) |
| July Average | 81°F (27°C) |
| Sunny Days | 313 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 259 ft (79 m) |
| Area | 9.5 sq mi (24.6 km²) |
| Population Density | 210/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 31.1121°N, 85.5987°W |
| Timezone | America/Chicago |
| County | Geneva County County |
| Nearest Airport | Dothan Regional (DHN) 17 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
62.3"
64% above US avg
Wettest Month (Jul)
5.94"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 41.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Relatively Low |
| Risk Score | 53.4 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 87.7 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 29.8 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Relatively Low |
| Hurricane |
Relatively Moderate |
| Earthquake |
Very Low |
| Wildfire |
Very Low |
| Flood |
Relatively Low |
| Hail |
Very Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively Low |
| Heat Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Winter Weather |
Very Low |
| Lightning |
Relatively Moderate |
| Ice Storm |
Relatively Low |
| Drought |
Relatively Moderate |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Landslide |
Very Low |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Hurricane History
14 hurricanes (Cat 1+) within 500 km since 1980.
Strongest: Category 5. Most recent: Helene (2024, Cat 4).
| Year |
Name |
Category |
Closest |
| 2024 |
Helene |
Category 4 |
203 km |
| 2024 |
Debby |
Category 1 |
250 km |
| 2023 |
Idalia |
Category 4 |
234 km |
| 2020 |
Sally |
Category 2 |
175 km |
| 2018 |
Michael |
Category 5 |
68 km |
| 2016 |
Hermine |
Category 1 |
178 km |
| 2005 |
Dennis |
Category 4 |
164 km |
| 2004 |
Ivan |
Category 3 |
202 km |
| 1998 |
Earl |
Category 2 |
113 km |
| 1997 |
Danny |
Category 1 |
234 km |
| 1995 |
Opal |
Category 3 |
115 km |
| 1995 |
Erin |
Category 2 |
168 km |
| 1985 |
Elena |
Category 3 |
193 km |
| 1985 |
Kate |
Category 2 |
112 km |
Source: NOAA IBTrACS (Cat 1+, 1980–2026)
Tornado History
608 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF4. Total: 32 fatalities, 615 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Mar 1, 2007 |
EF4 |
36 km |
9 |
| Mar 31, 2022 |
EF3 |
53 km |
2 |
| Mar 22, 2005 |
EF3 |
65 km |
1 |
| Nov 25, 1986 |
EF3 |
43 km |
0 |
| May 16, 1983 |
EF3 |
43 km |
0 |
| Dec 19, 1974 |
EF3 |
73 km |
0 |
| Dec 19, 1974 |
EF3 |
98 km |
0 |
| Dec 30, 1973 |
EF3 |
38 km |
0 |
| Dec 29, 1973 |
EF3 |
37 km |
0 |
| Dec 29, 1973 |
EF3 |
36 km |
0 |
| Jan 13, 1972 |
EF3 |
57 km |
0 |
| Sep 17, 1971 |
EF3 |
64 km |
0 |
| Mar 3, 1971 |
EF3 |
71 km |
0 |
| Mar 2, 1971 |
EF3 |
72 km |
0 |
| Dec 10, 1967 |
EF3 |
81 km |
0 |
| Jan 9, 2024 |
EF2 |
88 km |
0 |
| Jan 9, 2024 |
EF2 |
57 km |
0 |
| Jan 9, 2024 |
EF2 |
97 km |
0 |
| Jan 9, 2024 |
EF2 |
27 km |
1 |
| Jun 14, 2023 |
EF2 |
68 km |
0 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: BERTHA SWAMP RD (23,036 ac, 2022).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2022 |
BERTHA SWAMP RD |
23,036 |
99 km |
| 2013 |
UNNAMED |
9,046 |
93 km |
| 2010 |
UNNAMED |
4,235 |
77 km |
| 2009 |
UNNAMED |
4,141 |
88 km |
| 2011 |
UNNAMED |
4,032 |
87 km |
| 2010 |
UNNAMED |
3,921 |
97 km |
| 2006 |
UNNAMED |
3,750 |
80 km |
| 2008 |
UNNAMED |
3,675 |
80 km |
| 1986 |
UNNAMED |
3,586 |
90 km |
| 2009 |
UNNAMED |
3,540 |
83 km |
| 2001 |
UNNAMED |
3,508 |
80 km |
| 2005 |
UNNAMED |
3,424 |
80 km |
| 1997 |
UNNAMED |
3,423 |
80 km |
| 2000 |
UNNAMED |
3,378 |
83 km |
| 2009 |
UNNAMED |
3,349 |
93 km |
| 2009 |
UNNAMED |
3,191 |
86 km |
| 2010 |
UNNAMED |
3,189 |
90 km |
| 2009 |
UNNAMED |
3,062 |
80 km |
| 2000 |
UNNAMED |
3,062 |
79 km |
| 1996 |
UNNAMED |
2,927 |
82 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
48°F (9°C) |
4.6 in |
Coldest |
| February |
52°F (11°C) |
5.2 in |
|
| March |
59°F (15°C) |
5.1 in |
|
| April |
65°F (18°C) |
3.9 in |
|
| May |
73°F (23°C) |
3.8 in |
|
| June |
79°F (26°C) |
4.9 in |
|
| July |
81°F (27°C) |
5.9 in |
Warmest, Wettest |
| August |
80°F (27°C) |
5.0 in |
|
| September |
77°F (25°C) |
4.4 in |
|
| October |
67°F (19°C) |
3.0 in |
|
| November |
58°F (15°C) |
2.8 in |
Driest |
| December |
51°F (11°C) |
4.7 in |
|
Slocomb has a seasonal temperature swing of 32°F / from 48°F in January to 81°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 53.4 inches, with July being the wettest month (5.9") and November the driest (2.8").
Average costs for common services in Slocomb. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$222 ($133–$355) |
| Specialist Visit |
$311 ($178–$488) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$178 ($89–$311) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$1,954 ($710–$4,440) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$115 ($67–$178) |
| Dental Filling |
$222 ($133–$355) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$40 ($22–$67) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$67 ($44–$107) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$266 ($133–$444) |
| Tire Rotation |
$36 ($18–$67) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$533 ($355–$888) |
| Battery Replacement |
$178 ($89–$311) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$89 ($53–$133) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$80 ($44–$124) |
| HVAC Repair |
$355 ($133–$710) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,216 ($3,552–$10,656) |
| Roof Repair |
$888 ($355–$1,776) |
| Roof Replacement |
$7,992 ($4,884–$13,320) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,332 ($444–$3,108) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$13,320 ($4,440–$26,640) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,440 ($1,776–$8,880) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,332 ($710–$2,664) |
| Will Preparation |
$444 ($178–$888) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,220 ($888–$4,440) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$22 ($13–$40) |
| Women's Haircut |
$49 ($27–$89) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$133 ($67–$222) |
| Manicure |
$22 ($13–$40) |
| Pedicure |
$36 ($22–$58) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$71 ($44–$115) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.64 ($2.66–$4.88) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.11 ($2.22–$4.44) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.37 ($2.22–$4.88) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.00 ($2.66–$5.77) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$4.88 ($3.55–$6.66) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.89 ($0.53–$1.60) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$124 ($71–$222) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$62 ($27–$133) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$62 ($36–$107) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$62 ($36–$89) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$58 ($27–$89) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$75 ($44–$133) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$178 ($67–$444) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,776 ($1,066–$3,108) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$62 ($27–$115) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$13 ($7.10–$22) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$89 ($27–$222) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$27 ($13–$67) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,066 ($533–$2,220) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$888 ($444–$1,776) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$355 ($178–$622) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$44 ($22–$89) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$888 ($355–$2,220) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$11,100 ($4,440–$26,640) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$53 ($27–$89) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$89 ($44–$178) |
| Dog Grooming |
$53 ($27–$89) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$36 ($18–$67) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$266 ($133–$444) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$178 ($89–$355) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $524 |
| Toddler | $502 |
| Preschool | $475 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
| Infant | $454 |
| Toddler | $457 |
| Preschool | $457 |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About Slocomb
What is the population of Slocomb?
Slocomb has a population of 1,995 residents and is located in Alabama. The population density is 210 people per square mile, spread across 9.5 square miles. The median age of residents is 46.9 years, which is older than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 56.8% female and 43.2% male.
Is Slocomb expensive to live in?
Slocomb is more affordable than the national average, with a cost of living index of 88.8 / below the baseline of 100. The median household income is $38,988, 48% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $96,000 (66% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $764 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.5x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is Slocomb safe?
Slocomb is safer than the national average, with a violent crime rate of 202 per 100,000 compared to the U.S. rate of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 1,314 per 100,000 (below the national average). Overall, Slocomb receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Slocomb?
Slocomb enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 65°F (19°C). Winter temperatures average 48°F in January, while summers reach an average of 81°F in July. The area receives 313 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 62.3 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 41.
How is the job market in Slocomb?
Slocomb has a healthy job market with an unemployment rate of 3.8%, near the national average of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $819. There are 605 business establishments in the area, including 34 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 27 minutes, and 3.0% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Slocomb?
The median home value in Slocomb is $96,000. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $126,977. For renters, the median monthly rent is $764. Fair market rent is $772 for a 1-bedroom and $936 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 71.9%. The average annual property tax is $1,490.
How are the schools in Slocomb?
Schools in Slocomb have an average test score of 4.6 out of 10, below typical national benchmarks. Families may want to research individual school ratings. 10.3% of adults in Slocomb hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 84.1% have completed high school. 2.5% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Slocomb?
The obesity rate in Slocomb is 45.2% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 21.3% of adults are smokers. 32.8% are physically inactive. 27.1% of residents report depression. 12.9% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 35.5% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:3,338.
What is transportation like in Slocomb?
The average commute in Slocomb is 27 minutes. 91.3% of workers drive alone to work, and 3.0% work from home.
What are the demographics of Slocomb?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Slocomb is 71.9% White, 23.7% Black or African American, 1.7% Hispanic or Latino. 95.9% of residents speak only English at home, while 4.1% speak Spanish. 10.6% of the population are military veterans. 28.7% of residents have a disability. 83.7% have health insurance coverage.