Median Income
$40,972
45% lower than US avg
Home Value
$95,600
66% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
783/100K
106% higher than US avg
Bachelor's+
19.2%
43% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$769
34% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
40.5%
26% higher than US avg
Unemployment
6.7%
86% higher than US avg
Poverty Rate
27.9%
125% higher than US avg
How White Springs Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population717
Median Age37.6 yrs
Density392/mi²
Male / Female46% / 54%
Largest GroupWhite 36%
Veterans7.9%
Economy
C
Median Income$40,972
Per Capita$20,532
Unemployment6.7%
Poverty27.9%
County GDP$3,523M
Commute27 min
Housing
A+
Home Value$95,600
Rent$769
Ownership60.1%
Zillow$212,380
Housing Units412
Rent Burden27.3%
Crime
F
Violent783/100K
Property3,003/100K
Murder0.0/100K
Assault783/100K
Burglary653/100K
Health
Obesity40.5%
Uninsured13.5%
Smoking16.3%
Depression18.4%
Heart Disease6.0%
Climate
Avg Temp69°F (21°C)
AQI41 (Good)
Rain53.6 in/yr
Sunny Days306/yr
Elevation115 ft (35 m)
Education
C+
Bachelor's+19.2%
High School+85.5%
Graduate+5.5%
School Score5.65
Community
2024 VoteR 75% / D 25%
Commute27 min
Broadband68.6%
EV Stations21
Libraries3
Is White Springs a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, White Springs receives an overall livability score of 2.6 out of 5.0, earning a grade of C+. Key strengths include affordable housing, abundant sunshine. Areas to be aware of include elevated crime rates, above-average unemployment, an elevated poverty rate. White Springs has some notable strengths but also faces challenges that prospective residents should consider.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in White Springs is $40,972, 45% below the national average of $75,149. The unemployment rate of 6.7% is somewhat elevated compared to the national rate of 3.6%. The poverty rate of 27.9% exceeds the national average of 12.4%, indicating economic hardship for a significant portion of the population. Workers commute an average of 27 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in White Springs is $95,600, 66% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $769 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. At just 2.3x median income, home prices are very affordable relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
With 783 violent crimes per 100,000 residents, public safety is a notable concern / this is significantly above the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 3,003 per 100,000, 53% above the national average.
Education
19.2% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 85.5% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 5.6/10.
Climate & Weather
White Springs enjoys a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of 69°F. Winters average 54°F in January while summers reach 83°F in July. With 306 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 53.6 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 41.
White Springs has a population of 717 with a density of 392 people per square mile, spread across 1.8 square miles. The median age is 37.6 years, 3% younger than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 54.1% female and 45.9% male. The city is predominantly Black (63.3%), with 36.3% White. English is the primary language spoken at home by 99.5% of residents. 7.9% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 14.9% of residents have a disability. 91.7% have health insurance coverage.
Population
37.6yrs
Median Age
3% below US avg
Race & Ethnicity
White Springs vs U.S. Average
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
99.5%
27% above US avg
Spanish
0.5%
96% below US avg
Social Characteristics
White Springs vs U.S. Average
The median household income in White Springs is $40,972, which is 45% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $20,532 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $986, 31% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 6.7% (above the 3.6% US average). 27.9% of residents live below the poverty line, higher than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 1,818 business establishments, including 140 restaurants. The cost of living index is 103.4, roughly in line with the national average. Workers commute an average of 27 minutes. 3.2% of workers work from home (below the 15.2% national rate).
Income: White Springs vs U.S.
Income
| Median HH Income | $40,972 |
| 45% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $20,532 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $986 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $58,035 |
| Gini Index | 0.466 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 6.7% |
| 86% above US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 27.9% |
| 125% above US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 1,818 |
| County GDP | $3,523M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 140 |
| Healthcare | 203 |
| Retail | 254 |
| Manufacturing | 41 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $3,902 |
| 11% above US avg |
| Cost of Living | 103.40 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 4.08% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 26.5 min |
| Drive Alone | 58.3% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 3.2% |
The median home value in White Springs is $95,600, 66% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $212,380, higher than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $769 (34% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $1,296 for a one-bedroom to $1,526 for a two-bedroom apartment. 60.1% of housing units are owner-occupied. There are 412 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1974. The average annual property tax is $3,902. 27.3% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.3x, well within the affordable range.
Home Values
| Census Median | $95,600 |
| 66% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $212,380 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $769 |
| 34% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 27.3% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $1,212 |
| 1 Bedroom | $1,296 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $1,526 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,971 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $2,261 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 60.1% |
| Owner-Occupied | 60.1% |
| Renter-Occupied | 39.9% |
| Housing Units | 412 |
| Median Year Built | 1974 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $3,902 |
| 11% above US avg |
| Effective Rate | 4.08% |
In White Springs, 40.5% of adults are obese, above the national rate of 32.1%. 13.0% have diabetes (above the 10.5% national rate). Heart disease affects 6.0% of residents. 38.3% have high blood pressure. 16.3% are current smokers. 15.3% report binge drinking. 25.9% are physically inactive. 18.4% report depression. 19.9% experience frequent mental distress. 13.5% of residents lack health insurance (above the 8.6% national rate). The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,955. The dentist ratio is 1:1,598. 64.6% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 7.8 out of 10.
Health Metrics: White Springs vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 40.5% |
| 26% above US avg |
| Diabetes | 13.0% |
| Heart Disease | 6.0% |
| High Blood Pressure | 38.3% |
| Asthma | 11.4% |
| COPD | 7.1% |
| Cancer | 6.3% |
| Stroke | 3.8% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 16.3% |
| 16% above US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 15.3% |
| Physical Inactivity | 25.9% |
| Depression | 18.4% |
| Mental Distress | 19.9% |
| Physical Distress | 14.1% |
| Short Sleep | 45.1% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 91.7% |
| Uninsured | 13.5% |
| 57% above US avg |
| Primary Care | 1:1,955 |
| Dentists | 1:1,598 |
| Mental Health | 1:358 |
| Checkup Rate | 78.0% |
| Dental Visits | 50.2% |
| Premature Death | 12,795/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 7.8/10 |
| Exercise Access | 64.6% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 203 |
White Springs has a violent crime rate of 783 per 100,000 residents, 106% above the national average of 380. This breaks down to aggravated assault at 783.3 per 100,000, robbery at 0.0, rape at 0.0. The murder rate is 0.0 per 100,000 (below the national rate of 6.3). Property crime stands at 3,003 per 100,000, 53% above the U.S. average. This includes larceny/theft at 2,089, burglary at 653, vehicle theft at 261 per 100,000 residents. The county recorded 20 fatal traffic crashes. Overall, White Springs receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: White Springs vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 783.3/100K |
| 106% above US avg |
| Murder | 0.0/100K |
| 100% below US avg |
| Rape | 0.0/100K |
| Robbery | 0.0/100K |
| Assault | 783.3/100K |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 3,002.6/100K |
| 53% above US avg |
| Burglary | 652.7/100K |
| Theft | 2,088.8/100K |
| Vehicle Theft | 261.1/100K |
| Arson | 0.0/100K |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 20 |
| Traffic Accidents | 260 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 2.4 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
White Springs enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 69°F (21°C). Winters average 54°F in January while summers reach 83°F in July. The area gets 306 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 53.6 inches (wetter than the 38-inch national average). Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 41. The city sits at an elevation of 115 feet.
Temperature
54°F Jan (12°C)
83°F Jul (28°C)
| Annual Average | 69.1°F |
| 28% above US avg |
| January Average | 54°F (12°C) |
| July Average | 83°F (28°C) |
| Sunny Days | 306 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 115 ft (35 m) |
| Area | 1.8 sq mi (4.8 km²) |
| Population Density | 392/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 30.3318°N, 82.7561°W |
| Timezone | America/New_York |
| County | Columbia County County |
| Nearest Airport | Valdosta Regional (VLD) 44 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
53.6"
41% above US avg
Wettest Month (Aug)
7.52"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 41.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Air Pollutants (EPA 2023)
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Relatively Low |
| Risk Score | 69.7 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 71.4 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 29.3 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Relatively Moderate |
| Hurricane |
Relatively Moderate |
| Earthquake |
Very Low |
| Wildfire |
Relatively Low |
| Flood |
Relatively Low |
| Hail |
Very Low |
| Strong Wind |
Relatively Low |
| Heat Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Winter Weather |
Very Low |
| Lightning |
Relatively High |
| Drought |
Very Low |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Landslide |
Very Low |
| Coastal Flood |
No Rating |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Hurricane History
19 hurricanes (Cat 1+) within 500 km since 1980.
Strongest: Category 5. Most recent: Helene (2024, Cat 4).
| Year |
Name |
Category |
Closest |
| 2024 |
Helene |
Category 4 |
88 km |
| 2024 |
Milton |
Category 2 |
286 km |
| 2024 |
Debby |
Category 1 |
78 km |
| 2023 |
Idalia |
Category 4 |
63 km |
| 2019 |
Dorian |
Category 3 |
293 km |
| 2018 |
Michael |
Category 5 |
211 km |
| 2017 |
Irma |
Category 1 |
243 km |
| 2016 |
Matthew |
Category 3 |
198 km |
| 2016 |
Hermine |
Category 1 |
120 km |
| 2004 |
Jeanne |
Category 1 |
270 km |
| 2004 |
Charley |
Category 1 |
190 km |
| 2000 |
Gordon |
Category 1 |
278 km |
| 1999 |
Irene |
Category 1 |
284 km |
| 1998 |
Earl |
Category 1 |
284 km |
| 1995 |
Erin |
Category 1 |
254 km |
| 1985 |
Elena |
Category 3 |
198 km |
| 1985 |
Kate |
Category 2 |
148 km |
| 1985 |
Bob |
Category 1 |
217 km |
| 1984 |
Diana |
Category 1 |
265 km |
Source: NOAA IBTrACS (Cat 1+, 1980–2026)
Tornado History
316 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF3. Total: 11 fatalities, 115 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Mar 3, 2012 |
EF3 |
89 km |
0 |
| Apr 19, 1988 |
EF3 |
65 km |
4 |
| Feb 27, 1984 |
EF3 |
51 km |
0 |
| Feb 25, 1960 |
EF3 |
19 km |
0 |
| Feb 4, 2024 |
EF2 |
65 km |
0 |
| Dec 29, 2014 |
EF2 |
74 km |
0 |
| Mar 7, 2008 |
EF2 |
19 km |
1 |
| Mar 7, 2008 |
EF2 |
99 km |
0 |
| Apr 15, 2007 |
EF2 |
53 km |
0 |
| Dec 25, 2006 |
EF2 |
40 km |
0 |
| Dec 5, 2005 |
EF2 |
72 km |
0 |
| Aug 12, 2004 |
EF2 |
93 km |
0 |
| Mar 13, 2001 |
EF2 |
26 km |
0 |
| Sep 29, 1998 |
EF2 |
33 km |
0 |
| Feb 2, 1996 |
EF2 |
100 km |
0 |
| Mar 12, 1993 |
EF2 |
93 km |
3 |
| Nov 5, 1988 |
EF2 |
57 km |
1 |
| Apr 19, 1988 |
EF2 |
56 km |
0 |
| Mar 14, 1986 |
EF2 |
87 km |
0 |
| Feb 27, 1984 |
EF2 |
94 km |
0 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: BIG TURNAROUND COMPLEX (328,827 ac, 2007).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2007 |
BIG TURNAROUND COMPLEX |
328,827 |
47 km |
| 2007 |
BIG TURNAROUND COMPLEX (FLOYDS ISLAND PRAIRIE) |
215,381 |
80 km |
| 2017 |
WEST MIMS |
166,737 |
57 km |
| 2011 |
HONEY PRAIRIE |
147,065 |
59 km |
| 2011 |
CRAVENS HAMMOCK |
142,688 |
67 km |
| 2002 |
BLACKJACK BAY COMPLEX |
107,076 |
57 km |
| 1999 |
FRIENDLY |
75,089 |
42 km |
| 2001 |
UNNAMED |
59,179 |
55 km |
| 2007 |
SWEAT FARM ROAD |
52,495 |
92 km |
| 2012 |
COUNTY LINE |
35,440 |
35 km |
| 2004 |
IMPASSABLE ONE |
29,836 |
37 km |
| 1985 |
UNNAMED |
25,845 |
60 km |
| 1998 |
OAK |
21,478 |
24 km |
| 1990 |
SHORTS |
21,413 |
52 km |
| 2011 |
GA-19 (SAW FLY RD) |
19,730 |
96 km |
| 2011 |
SWEAT FARM AGAIN |
19,698 |
98 km |
| 2011 |
DURDIN PRAIRIE |
19,487 |
80 km |
| 2004 |
UNNAMED |
18,577 |
24 km |
| 1998 |
UNNAMED |
16,594 |
63 km |
| 1989 |
PIN HOOK |
16,471 |
38 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
54°F (12°C) |
4.3 in |
Coldest |
| February |
56°F (13°C) |
4.1 in |
|
| March |
62°F (17°C) |
4.7 in |
|
| April |
67°F (20°C) |
3.3 in |
|
| May |
74°F (23°C) |
3.9 in |
|
| June |
79°F (26°C) |
6.3 in |
|
| July |
83°F (28°C) |
6.9 in |
Warmest |
| August |
81°F (27°C) |
7.5 in |
Wettest |
| September |
78°F (26°C) |
4.7 in |
|
| October |
69°F (21°C) |
2.3 in |
Driest |
| November |
62°F (17°C) |
2.5 in |
|
| December |
55°F (13°C) |
3.4 in |
|
White Springs has a seasonal temperature swing of 29°F / from 54°F in January to 83°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 53.8 inches, with August being the wettest month (7.5") and October the driest (2.3").
Average costs for common services in White Springs. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$259 ($155–$414) |
| Specialist Visit |
$362 ($207–$569) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$207 ($103–$362) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$2,275 ($827–$5,170) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$134 ($78–$207) |
| Dental Filling |
$259 ($155–$414) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$47 ($26–$78) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$78 ($52–$124) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$310 ($155–$517) |
| Tire Rotation |
$41 ($21–$78) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$620 ($414–$1,034) |
| Battery Replacement |
$207 ($103–$362) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$103 ($62–$155) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$93 ($52–$145) |
| HVAC Repair |
$414 ($155–$827) |
| HVAC System Install |
$7,238 ($4,136–$12,408) |
| Roof Repair |
$1,034 ($414–$2,068) |
| Roof Replacement |
$9,306 ($5,687–$15,510) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,551 ($517–$3,619) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$15,510 ($5,170–$31,020) |
| DUI Defense |
$5,170 ($2,068–$10,340) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,551 ($827–$3,102) |
| Will Preparation |
$517 ($207–$1,034) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,585 ($1,034–$5,170) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$26 ($16–$47) |
| Women's Haircut |
$57 ($31–$103) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$155 ($78–$259) |
| Manicure |
$26 ($16–$47) |
| Pedicure |
$41 ($26–$67) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$83 ($52–$134) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$4.24 ($3.10–$5.69) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.62 ($2.59–$5.17) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.93 ($2.59–$5.69) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.65 ($3.10–$6.72) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$5.69 ($4.14–$7.76) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$1.03 ($0.62–$1.86) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$145 ($83–$259) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$72 ($31–$155) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$72 ($41–$124) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$72 ($41–$103) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$67 ($31–$103) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$88 ($52–$155) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$207 ($78–$517) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$2,068 ($1,241–$3,619) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$72 ($31–$134) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$16 ($8.27–$26) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$103 ($31–$259) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$31 ($16–$78) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,241 ($620–$2,585) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$1,034 ($517–$2,068) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$414 ($207–$724) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$52 ($26–$103) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$1,034 ($414–$2,585) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$12,925 ($5,170–$31,020) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$62 ($31–$103) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$103 ($52–$207) |
| Dog Grooming |
$62 ($31–$103) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$41 ($21–$78) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$310 ($155–$517) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$207 ($103–$414) |
View all 9 services
Childcare
| Center-Based (monthly) |
| Infant | $675 |
| Toddler | $563 |
| Preschool | $511 |
| Family Childcare (monthly) |
Source: DOL Women's Bureau (2022)
Frequently Asked Questions About White Springs
What is the population of White Springs?
White Springs has a population of 717 residents and is located in Florida. The population density is 392 people per square mile, spread across 1.8 square miles. The median age of residents is 37.6 years. The population is 54.1% female and 45.9% male.
Is White Springs expensive to live in?
White Springs has a cost of living roughly in line with the national average, with an index of 103.4 (baseline: 100). The median household income is $40,972, 45% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $95,600 (66% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $769 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 2.3x, indicating housing is reasonably affordable relative to local income levels.
Is White Springs safe?
Public safety is a concern in White Springs, with a violent crime rate of 783 per 100,000 / significantly above the national average of 380. However, crime tends to concentrate in certain areas, and many neighborhoods remain relatively safe. Property crime occurs at a rate of 3,003 per 100,000 (above the national average). Overall, White Springs receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in White Springs?
White Springs enjoys a temperate climate with an average annual temperature of 69°F (21°C). Winter temperatures average 54°F in January, while summers reach an average of 83°F in July. The area receives 306 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 53.6 inches. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 41.
How is the job market in White Springs?
The unemployment rate in White Springs is 6.7%, somewhat above the national average of 3.6%. Job seekers may face moderate competition. The average weekly wage is $986. There are 1,818 business establishments in the area, including 140 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 27 minutes, and 3.2% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in White Springs?
The median home value in White Springs is $95,600. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $212,380. For renters, the median monthly rent is $769. Fair market rent is $1,296 for a 1-bedroom and $1,526 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 60.1%. The average annual property tax is $3,902.
How are the schools in White Springs?
Schools in White Springs score 5.6 out of 10 on standardized testing, near the national average. 19.2% of adults in White Springs hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 85.5% have completed high school. 5.5% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is White Springs?
The obesity rate in White Springs is 40.5% (above the national rate of 32.1%). 16.3% of adults are smokers. 25.9% are physically inactive. 18.4% of residents report depression. 13.5% lack health insurance (above the national rate). 64.6% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,955.
What is transportation like in White Springs?
The average commute in White Springs is 27 minutes. 58.3% of workers drive alone to work, and 3.2% work from home.
What are the demographics of White Springs?
The racial and ethnic makeup of White Springs is 36.3% White, 63.3% Black or African American. 99.5% of residents speak only English at home. 7.9% of the population are military veterans. 14.9% of residents have a disability. 91.7% have health insurance coverage.