Median Income
$38,750
48% lower than US avg
Home Value
$219,600
22% lower than US avg
Violent Crime
941/100K
148% higher than US avg
Bachelor's+
13.7%
59% lower than US avg
Median Rent
$900
23% lower than US avg
Obesity Rate
30.2%
6% lower than US avg
Unemployment
3.5%
3% lower than US avg
Poverty Rate
23.8%
92% higher than US avg
How Peñasco Compares to the U.S. Average (100% = U.S. avg)
People
Population613
Median Age42.0 yrs
Density502/mi²
Male / Female60% / 40%
Largest GroupWhite 27%
Veterans11.2%
Economy
C+
Median Income$38,750
Per Capita$28,163
Unemployment3.5%
Poverty23.8%
County GDP$1,521M
Commute29 min
Housing
B
Home Value$219,600
Rent$900
Ownership70.6%
Zillow$407,102
Housing Units341
Rent Burden27.1%
Crime
F
Violent941/100K
Property10,650/100K
Health
Obesity30.2%
Smoking12.2%
Depression20.7%
Heart Disease5.5%
Climate
Avg Temp49°F (9°C)
AQI37 (Good)
Rain12.7 in/yr
Sunny Days330/yr
Elevation7,646 ft (2,331 m)
Education
C
Bachelor's+13.7%
High School+90.6%
Graduate+4.8%
School Score4.34
Community
2024 VoteR 25% / D 72%
Commute29 min
Broadband70.6%
EV Stations1
Libraries4
Is Peñasco a Good Place to Live?
Based on current data, Peñasco receives an overall livability score of 2.3 out of 5.0, earning a grade of C. Key strengths include low unemployment, affordable housing, abundant sunshine, high health insurance coverage. Areas to be aware of include elevated crime rates, an elevated poverty rate, below-average incomes. Peñasco has some notable strengths but also faces challenges that prospective residents should consider.
Economy & Jobs
The median household income in Peñasco is $38,750, 48% below the national average of $75,149. Unemployment stands at 3.5%, indicating a healthy job market. The poverty rate of 23.8% exceeds the national average of 12.4%, indicating economic hardship for a significant portion of the population. Workers commute an average of 29 minutes.
Cost of Living & Housing
The median home value in Peñasco is $219,600, 22% below the national median / offering relatively affordable homeownership. Renters pay a median of $900 per month, below the national average / a plus for affordability. The price-to-income ratio of 5.7x means housing costs are stretched relative to local earnings.
Safety & Crime
With 941 violent crimes per 100,000 residents, public safety is a notable concern / this is significantly above the national average of 380. Property crime occurs at a rate of 10,650 per 100,000, 443% above the national average.
Education
13.7% of residents hold a bachelor's degree, below the national average of 33.7%. 90.6% have completed high school. Area schools have an average test score of 4.3/10.
Climate & Weather
Peñasco experiences four distinct seasons with an average temperature of 49°F. Winters average 27°F in January while summers reach 70°F in July. With 330 sunny days per year, residents enjoy well above the national average of sunshine. Annual precipitation totals 12.7 inches, including 28.4 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 37.
Peñasco has a population of 613 with a density of 502 people per square mile, spread across 1.2 square miles. The median age is 42.0 years, 8% older than the national median of 38.9. The gender split is 39.8% female and 60.2% male. The city is predominantly White (27.1%), with 3.1% Hispanic, 1.1% Black. English is the primary language spoken at home by 56.1% of residents, while 43.9% speak Spanish. 11.2% of the population are veterans, above the national rate of 6.0%. 25.1% of residents have a disability (above the 13.0% national average). 93.6% have health insurance coverage.
Population
42.0yrs
Median Age
8% above US avg
Language Spoken at Home
English Only
56.1%
29% below US avg
Spanish
43.9%
228% above US avg
The median household income in Peñasco is $38,750, which is 48% below the national average of $75,149. Per capita income is $28,163 (below the $39,052 national figure). The average weekly wage is $873, 39% lower than the U.S. average. The unemployment rate is 3.5% (below the 3.6% US average). 23.8% of residents live below the poverty line, higher than the national rate of 12.4%. The area has 1,449 business establishments, including 151 restaurants. The cost of living index is 92.2, below the national baseline of 100 / offering relatively affordable living. Workers commute an average of 29 minutes. 20.2% of workers work from home (above the 15.2% national rate).
Income
| Median HH Income | $38,750 |
| 48% below US avg |
| Per Capita Income | $28,163 |
| Avg Weekly Wage | $873 |
| IRS Avg AGI | $56,455 |
| Gini Index | 0.508 (0=equal, 1=unequal) |
Employment & Poverty
| Unemployment | 3.5% |
| 3% below US avg |
| Poverty Rate | 23.8% |
| 92% above US avg |
| Establishments (County) | 1,449 |
| County GDP | $1,521M |
Business (County)
| Restaurants | 151 |
| Healthcare | 105 |
| Retail | 194 |
| Manufacturing | 33 |
Tax & Cost of Living
| Property Tax (IRS) | $3,363 |
| 4% below US avg |
| Cost of Living | 92.20 (100=avg) |
| Effective Tax Rate | 1.53% |
Commute & Transportation
| Commute Time | 28.7 min |
| Drive Alone | 49.8% |
| Public Transit | 0.0% |
| Work from Home | 20.2% |
The median home value in Peñasco is $219,600, 22% below the national median of $281,900. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $407,102, higher than the Census estimate. Monthly rent averages $900 (23% below the national average of $1,163). Fair market rent ranges from $927 for a one-bedroom to $1,129 for a two-bedroom apartment. 70.6% of housing units are owner-occupied. There are 341 total housing units in the city. The median year a home was built is 1969. The average annual property tax is $3,363. 27.1% of renters spend 30% or more of their income on housing. The home price-to-income ratio is 5.7x, above the traditionally affordable threshold of 3-4x.
Home Values
| Census Median | $219,600 |
| 22% below US avg |
| Zillow ZHVI | $407,102 |
Real Estate Market (Redfin)
Rental Costs
| Census Median Rent | $900 |
| 23% below US avg |
| Rent Burden | 27.1% |
HUD Fair Market Rent
| Studio | $828 |
| 1 Bedroom | $927 |
| 2 Bedrooms | $1,129 |
| 3 Bedrooms | $1,496 |
| 4 Bedrooms | $1,758 |
Ownership & Property
| Homeownership | 70.6% |
| Owner-Occupied | 70.6% |
| Renter-Occupied | 29.4% |
| Housing Units | 341 |
| Median Year Built | 1969 |
Property Tax
| Avg Tax (IRS) | $3,363 |
| 4% below US avg |
| Effective Rate | 1.53% |
In Peñasco, 30.2% of adults are obese, below the national rate of 32.1%. 12.7% have diabetes (above the 10.5% national rate). Heart disease affects 5.5% of residents. 28.9% have high blood pressure. 12.2% are current smokers. 15.6% report binge drinking. 28.6% are physically inactive. 20.7% report depression. 16.1% experience frequent mental distress. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,154. The dentist ratio is 1:2,034. 79.2% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The food environment index is 6.9 out of 10.
Health Metrics: Peñasco vs U.S. Average (%)
Chronic Conditions
| Obesity | 30.2% |
| 6% below US avg |
| Diabetes | 12.7% |
| Heart Disease | 5.5% |
| High Blood Pressure | 28.9% |
| Asthma | 9.0% |
| COPD | 4.6% |
| Cancer | 4.8% |
| Stroke | 3.1% |
Behaviors & Mental Health
| Smoking | 12.2% |
| 13% below US avg |
| Binge Drinking | 15.6% |
| Physical Inactivity | 28.6% |
| Depression | 20.7% |
| Mental Distress | 16.1% |
| Physical Distress | 15.0% |
| Short Sleep | 33.5% |
Healthcare Access
| Insurance Rate | 93.6% |
| |
| Primary Care | 1:1,154 |
| Dentists | 1:2,034 |
| Mental Health | 1:115 |
| Checkup Rate | 63.4% |
| Dental Visits | 56.5% |
| Premature Death | 12,930/100K |
Food & Exercise
| Food Environment | 6.9/10 |
| Exercise Access | 79.2% |
| Healthcare Facilities | 105 |
Peñasco has a violent crime rate of 941 per 100,000 residents, 148% above the national average of 380. Property crime stands at 10,650 per 100,000, 443% above the U.S. average. The county recorded 7 fatal traffic crashes. Overall, Peñasco receives a safety grade of F.
Crime Rates: Peñasco vs U.S. Average (per 100,000)
Violent Crime
| Total Violent | 941.3/100K |
| 148% above US avg |
| |
Property Crime
| Total Property | 10,650.2/100K |
| 443% above US avg |
Traffic Safety
| Fatal Crashes (County/yr) | 7 |
| Traffic Accidents | 2 |
| Avg Accident Severity | 2.0 / 4.0 |
Safety Score
| Safety Grade | F |
| Safety Score | 1.0 / 5.0 |
Peñasco experiences four distinct seasons with an average annual temperature of 49°F (9°C). Winters average 27°F in January while summers reach 70°F in July. The area gets 330 sunny days per year, well above the U.S. average of 205 / making it one of the sunnier locations in the country. Annual precipitation totals 12.7 inches (drier than the 38-inch national average). The area receives 28.4 inches of snow annually, a moderate snowfall amount. Air quality is rated Good with a median AQI of 37. The city sits at an elevation of 7,646 feet, a high-altitude location.
Temperature
27°F Jan (-3°C)
70°F Jul (21°C)
| Annual Average | 48.5°F |
| 10% below US avg |
| January Average | 27°F (-3°C) |
| July Average | 70°F (21°C) |
| Sunny Days | 330 days/yr |
Geography
| Elevation | 7,646 ft (2,331 m) |
| Area | 1.2 sq mi (3.2 km²) |
| Population Density | 502/sq mi |
| Coordinates | 36.1703°N, 105.6907°W |
| Timezone | America/Denver |
| County | Taos County County |
| Nearest Airport | Taos Regional (TSM) 19 miles away |
Precipitation & Snow
Annual Rainfall
12.7"
67% below US avg
Wettest Month (Aug)
2.72"
Air Quality
| AQI Median | 37.0 |
| Rating | Good |
Air Pollutants (EPA 2023)
| PM2.5 (Fine Particles) | 4.1 μg/m³ |
Natural Hazard Risk
| Overall Risk | Relatively Low |
| Risk Score | 74.3 / 100 |
| Social Vulnerability | 89.2 / 100 |
| Community Resilience | 36.1 / 100 |
Hazard Breakdown
| Tornado |
Very Low |
| Earthquake |
Relatively Low |
| Wildfire |
Relatively Moderate |
| Flood |
Relatively Moderate |
| Hail |
Very Low |
| Strong Wind |
Very Low |
| Heat Wave |
Very Low |
| Winter Weather |
Relatively High |
| Lightning |
Relatively High |
| Ice Storm |
Very Low |
| Drought |
Relatively Low |
| Cold Wave |
Relatively Low |
| Landslide |
Relatively Moderate |
| Volcano |
No Rating |
| Avalanche |
Relatively High |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index v1.20 (Dec 2025)
Earthquake History
324 earthquakes (M2.5+) within 150 km since 1990.
Strongest: M5.3. Most recent: M3.4 on Jun 28, 2025.
| Aug 23, 2011 |
6 km S of Valdez, Colorado |
M5.3 |
133 km |
| Aug 10, 2005 |
20 km S of Weston, Colorado |
M5.0 |
115 km |
| Aug 22, 2011 |
9 km SSW of Starkville, Colorado |
M4.7 |
140 km |
| Sep 5, 2001 |
0 km SE of Cokedale, Colorado |
M4.5 |
144 km |
| Mar 22, 2004 |
30 km S of Weston, Colorado |
M4.4 |
107 km |
| Jan 3, 2007 |
8 km SSW of Weston, Colorado |
M4.4 |
122 km |
| Mar 10, 2023 |
6 km NNE of Segundo, Colorado |
M4.3 |
141 km |
| Aug 1, 2004 |
31 km S of Stonewall Gap, Colorado |
M4.3 |
94 km |
| Jul 12, 2021 |
5 km E of Capulin, New Mexico |
M4.2 |
95 km |
| Aug 10, 2005 |
20 km SSW of Segundo, Colorado |
M4.1 |
117 km |
| Jul 29, 2009 |
32 km NNE of Cimarron, New Mexico |
M4.1 |
104 km |
| Aug 26, 2023 |
19 km SSW of Weston, Colorado |
M4.0 |
112 km |
| Sep 13, 2011 |
20 km S of Sequndo, Colorado |
M4.0 |
120 km |
| Sep 4, 2001 |
2 km W of Cokedale, Colorado |
M4.0 |
143 km |
| Aug 23, 2011 |
7 km S of Valdez, Colorado |
M4.0 |
133 km |
| Feb 6, 2016 |
Colorado |
M4.0 |
121 km |
| Aug 20, 2015 |
7 km WSW of Weston, Colorado |
M3.9 |
124 km |
| Mar 10, 2023 |
5 km N of Sequndo, Colorado |
M3.9 |
140 km |
| Aug 23, 2016 |
18 km SSW of Weston, CO |
M3.9 |
113 km |
| Sep 16, 2011 |
26 km S of Sequndo, Colorado |
M3.9 |
116 km |
Source: USGS (M2.5+, 1990–2025)
Tornado History
41 tornadoes (EF0+) within 100 km since 1950.
Strongest: EF2. Total: 40 injuries.
| Date |
Rating |
Distance |
Fatalities |
| Jul 25, 1996 |
EF2 |
78 km |
0 |
| Jun 13, 1982 |
EF1 |
76 km |
0 |
| Jun 1, 1977 |
EF1 |
99 km |
0 |
| Jul 21, 1973 |
EF1 |
51 km |
0 |
| Apr 15, 1971 |
EF1 |
64 km |
0 |
| Dec 26, 1966 |
EF1 |
44 km |
0 |
| Oct 1, 2023 |
EF0 |
57 km |
0 |
| Jun 2, 2021 |
EF0 |
49 km |
0 |
| May 17, 2021 |
EF0 |
92 km |
0 |
| Sep 1, 2018 |
EF0 |
82 km |
0 |
| Aug 9, 2018 |
EF0 |
54 km |
0 |
| May 21, 2018 |
EF0 |
77 km |
0 |
| Aug 9, 2017 |
EF0 |
99 km |
0 |
| May 9, 2017 |
EF0 |
67 km |
0 |
| Jun 8, 2014 |
EF0 |
83 km |
0 |
| Oct 12, 2012 |
EF0 |
60 km |
0 |
| Jul 24, 2012 |
EF0 |
69 km |
0 |
| Jul 13, 2009 |
EF0 |
56 km |
0 |
| Aug 17, 2008 |
EF0 |
67 km |
0 |
| Jun 9, 2007 |
EF0 |
96 km |
0 |
Source: NOAA SPC (EF0+, 1950–2024)
Wildfire History
20 wildfires (100+ acres) within 100 km.
Largest: HERMITS PEAK (352,046 ac, 2022).
| Year |
Name |
Acres |
Distance |
| 2022 |
HERMITS PEAK |
352,046 |
43 km |
| 2011 |
LAS CONCHAS |
150,874 |
74 km |
| 2002 |
PONIL COMPLEX |
89,084 |
81 km |
| 2022 |
COOKS PEAK |
61,195 |
66 km |
| 2022 |
CERRO PELADO |
45,620 |
86 km |
| 2000 |
CERRO GRANDE |
44,279 |
64 km |
| 2018 |
UTE PARK |
30,177 |
72 km |
| 2006 |
CASA |
27,452 |
76 km |
| 2000 |
VIVEASH |
22,468 |
53 km |
| 2013 |
THOMPSON RIDGE |
21,077 |
84 km |
| 2006 |
OJO FELIZ |
17,767 |
51 km |
| 2006 |
RIVERA MESA |
16,412 |
69 km |
| 1996 |
DOME |
15,783 |
76 km |
| 1993 |
OJO |
14,887 |
57 km |
| 2002 |
CERRO PELON |
13,015 |
60 km |
| 2002 |
BORREGO |
12,877 |
22 km |
| 2010 |
SOUTH FORK |
12,585 |
66 km |
| 2020 |
LUNA |
10,849 |
30 km |
| 2011 |
PACHECO |
9,790 |
37 km |
| 2013 |
JAROSO |
9,529 |
30 km |
Source: NIFC/IRWIN (100+ acres)
Monthly Weather
| Month |
Avg Temperature |
Precipitation |
Summary |
| January |
27°F (-3°C) |
0.8 in |
Coldest |
| February |
30°F (-1°C) |
0.7 in |
Driest |
| March |
36°F (2°C) |
0.9 in |
|
| April |
43°F (6°C) |
0.8 in |
|
| May |
52°F (11°C) |
1.0 in |
|
| June |
62°F (16°C) |
1.3 in |
|
| July |
70°F (21°C) |
2.3 in |
Warmest |
| August |
65°F (18°C) |
2.7 in |
Wettest |
| September |
59°F (15°C) |
1.7 in |
|
| October |
48°F (9°C) |
1.1 in |
|
| November |
37°F (3°C) |
0.9 in |
|
| December |
28°F (-2°C) |
0.8 in |
|
Peñasco has a seasonal temperature swing of 43°F / from 27°F in January to 70°F in July. Total annual precipitation is 15.0 inches, with August being the wettest month (2.7") and February the driest (0.7").
Average costs for common services in Peñasco. Prices are estimated based on regional cost of living data and may vary by provider.
Healthcare
| Doctor Visit (Primary Care) |
$231 ($138–$369) |
| Specialist Visit |
$323 ($184–$507) |
| Urgent Care Visit |
$184 ($92–$323) |
| Emergency Room Visit |
$2,028 ($738–$4,610) |
| Dental Cleaning |
$120 ($69–$184) |
| Dental Filling |
$231 ($138–$369) |
View all 40 services
Auto Repair
| Oil Change (Conventional) |
$41 ($23–$69) |
| Oil Change (Synthetic) |
$69 ($46–$111) |
| Brake Pad Replacement |
$277 ($138–$461) |
| Tire Rotation |
$37 ($18–$69) |
| New Tires (Set of 4) |
$553 ($369–$922) |
| Battery Replacement |
$184 ($92–$323) |
View all 18 services
Home Services
| Plumber (Per Hour) |
$92 ($55–$138) |
| Electrician (Per Hour) |
$83 ($46–$129) |
| HVAC Repair |
$369 ($138–$738) |
| HVAC System Install |
$6,454 ($3,688–$11,064) |
| Roof Repair |
$922 ($369–$1,844) |
| Roof Replacement |
$8,298 ($5,071–$13,830) |
View all 25 services
Legal
| Divorce (Uncontested) |
$1,383 ($461–$3,227) |
| Divorce (Contested) |
$13,830 ($4,610–$27,660) |
| DUI Defense |
$4,610 ($1,844–$9,220) |
| Bankruptcy (Chapter 7) |
$1,383 ($738–$2,766) |
| Will Preparation |
$461 ($184–$922) |
| Trust Preparation |
$2,305 ($922–$4,610) |
View all 12 services
Personal Care
| Men's Haircut |
$23 ($14–$41) |
| Women's Haircut |
$51 ($28–$92) |
| Hair Coloring (Full) |
$138 ($69–$231) |
| Manicure |
$23 ($14–$41) |
| Pedicure |
$37 ($23–$60) |
| Massage (1 Hour) |
$74 ($46–$120) |
View all 12 services
Food & Grocery
| Gallon of Milk (per gallon) |
$3.78 ($2.77–$5.07) |
| Dozen Eggs (per dozen) |
$3.23 ($2.31–$4.61) |
| Loaf of Bread |
$3.50 ($2.31–$5.07) |
| Chicken Breast (per lb) |
$4.15 ($2.77–$5.99) |
| Ground Beef (per lb) |
$5.07 ($3.69–$6.92) |
| Rice (per lb) |
$0.92 ($0.55–$1.66) |
View all 20 services
Utilities
| Electricity (Monthly) |
$129 ($74–$231) |
| Natural Gas (Monthly) |
$65 ($28–$138) |
| Water/Sewer (Monthly) |
$65 ($37–$111) |
| Internet (Monthly) |
$65 ($37–$92) |
| Cell Phone Plan (Monthly) |
$60 ($28–$92) |
| Cable TV (Monthly) |
$78 ($46–$138) |
View all 8 services
Transportation
| Monthly Parking (Downtown) |
$184 ($69–$461) |
| Car Insurance (Annual) |
$1,844 ($1,106–$3,227) |
| Bus Pass (Monthly) |
$65 ($28–$120) |
| Taxi/Uber (5-Mile Ride) |
$14 ($7.38–$23) |
| Car Registration (Annual) |
$92 ($28–$231) |
| Driver's License Renewal |
$28 ($14–$69) |
View all 8 services
Education & Childcare
| Daycare (Infant, Monthly) |
$1,106 ($553–$2,305) |
| Daycare (Toddler, Monthly) |
$922 ($461–$1,844) |
| After-School Care (Monthly) |
$369 ($184–$645) |
| Tutoring (Per Hour) |
$46 ($23–$92) |
| SAT/ACT Prep Course |
$922 ($369–$2,305) |
| Private School (K-12, Annual) |
$11,525 ($4,610–$27,660) |
View all 8 services
Pets
| Vet Visit (Routine Checkup) |
$55 ($28–$92) |
| Dog Vaccination (Annual) |
$92 ($46–$184) |
| Dog Grooming |
$55 ($28–$92) |
| Pet Boarding (Per Night) |
$37 ($18–$69) |
| Dog Spay/Neuter |
$277 ($138–$461) |
| Cat Spay/Neuter |
$184 ($92–$369) |
View all 9 services
Frequently Asked Questions About Peñasco
What is the population of Peñasco?
Peñasco has a population of 613 residents and is located in New Mexico. The population density is 502 people per square mile, spread across 1.2 square miles. The median age of residents is 42.0 years, which is older than the national median of 38.9 years. The population is 39.8% female and 60.2% male.
Is Peñasco expensive to live in?
Peñasco is more affordable than the national average, with a cost of living index of 92.2 / below the baseline of 100. The median household income is $38,750, 48% below the national average of $75,149. The median home value is $219,600 (22% below the U.S. median). Renters pay a median of $900 per month, below the national average of $1,163. The home price-to-income ratio is 5.7x, which means housing is a stretch relative to local earnings.
Is Peñasco safe?
Public safety is a concern in Peñasco, with a violent crime rate of 941 per 100,000 / significantly above the national average of 380. However, crime tends to concentrate in certain areas, and many neighborhoods remain relatively safe. Property crime occurs at a rate of 10,650 per 100,000 (above the national average). Overall, Peñasco receives a safety grade of F based on combined crime data.
What is the weather like in Peñasco?
Peñasco has a four-season climate with an average annual temperature of 49°F (9°C). Winter temperatures average 27°F in January, while summers reach an average of 70°F in July. The area receives 330 sunny days per year, well above the national average of 205. Annual rainfall totals 12.7 inches, with 28.4 inches of snow. Air quality is rated Good with a median Air Quality Index (AQI) of 37.
How is the job market in Peñasco?
Peñasco has a healthy job market with an unemployment rate of 3.5%, near the national average of 3.6%. The average weekly wage is $873. There are 1,449 business establishments in the area, including 151 restaurants and food service locations. The average commute time is 29 minutes, and 20.2% of workers work from home.
How much does housing cost in Peñasco?
The median home value in Peñasco is $219,600. Zillow estimates the typical home value at $407,102. For renters, the median monthly rent is $900. Fair market rent is $927 for a 1-bedroom and $1,129 for a 2-bedroom apartment. The homeownership rate is 70.6%. The average annual property tax is $3,363.
How are the schools in Peñasco?
Schools in Peñasco have an average test score of 4.3 out of 10, below typical national benchmarks. Families may want to research individual school ratings. 13.7% of adults in Peñasco hold a bachelor's degree or higher, below the national average of 33.7%. 90.6% have completed high school. 4.8% hold a graduate or professional degree.
How healthy is Peñasco?
The obesity rate in Peñasco is 30.2% (below the national rate of 32.1%). 12.2% of adults are smokers. 28.6% are physically inactive. 20.7% of residents report depression. 79.2% of residents have access to exercise opportunities. The primary care physician ratio is 1:1,154.
What is transportation like in Peñasco?
The average commute in Peñasco is 29 minutes. 49.8% of workers drive alone to work, and 20.2% work from home.
What are the demographics of Peñasco?
The racial and ethnic makeup of Peñasco is 27.1% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 3.1% Hispanic or Latino. 56.1% of residents speak only English at home, while 43.9% speak Spanish. 11.2% of the population are military veterans. 25.1% of residents have a disability. 93.6% have health insurance coverage.